Lecture 17 and 18: Clostridium 2 and 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the causative agent of botulism
A
Clostridium botulinum
2
Q
Where is C. Botulinum found
A
Endospores distributed in soils and aquatic environments
3
Q
What type of hemolysis does C. Botulinum have
A
B-hemolysis
4
Q
What are the 7 types of toxins for C. Botulinum
A
A, B, C, D, E, F, G
5
Q
T or F: the antitoxin for C. Botulinum must match the toxin type to be effective
A
True
6
Q
What disease does C. Botulinum cause
A
Flaccid paralysis
7
Q
What type of C. Botulinum is in most animal species
A
C1
8
Q
What is the most common C. Botulinum toxin in cattle
A
Type D
9
Q
How do cattle get type D C. Botulinum
A
Pica (starvation or phosphorus deficiency) leads to eating carcasses or bones that contain BoNT
10
Q
85% of cases in horses with C. Botulinum are caused by what toxin type
A
B
11
Q
What is shaker foal syndrome
A
Less than 4 week old foals are found dead or with progressive symmetric motor paralysis- stilted gait, muscular tremors, or unable to stand for >4-5 minutes to due ingestion of Type B C. Botulinum spores
12
Q
Describe the action of Botulinum neurotoxin and how it results in flaccid paralysis
A
- Binds receptor and is endocytosed at NMJ
- Enters cytosine of host cell and cleaves SNARE proteins required for membrane fusion of synaptic vesicle and cell membrane
- Blocks release of ACh
- Muscles can’t contract—> flaccid paralysis
13
Q
What are the main clinical manifestations of C. Botulinum
A
- Tongue, jaw, and tail flaccidity
- In coordination and knuckling at fetlocks
- Flaccid paralysis
- Paralysis of respiratory muscles ultimately leads to death
14
Q
Based on these photos what are you worried about
A
c. Botulinum
15
Q
How can you dx C. Botulinum
A
- Culture
- Detect BoNT or C. Botulinum in food
- Inoculate in mice- wasp waist
16
Q
T or F: C. Botulinum toxin from dead animal proves that being cause of death
A
No not significant can inoculate after death
17
Q
How can you dx C. Botulinum
A
- PCR- toxin genes
- ELISA
18
Q
How do you tx C. Botulinum
A
- Evacuation of stomach and purging for recent ingestion
- Polyvalent antiserum- binds unbound toxin, is serotype specific
19
Q
Is there a vaccine available for C. Botulinum
A
Yes, for foals and horses: Botvac- type B toxoid
20
Q
What 3 diseases can Clostridium Chauvoei cause
A
- Blackleg
- Clostridial myositis
- Black quarter
21
Q
What type of hemolysis is observed with C. Chauvoei
A
Beta
22
Q
Where is C. Chauvoei that causes blackleg found
A
Naturally in intestinal tract of animals
23
Q
Once C. Chauvoei that causes blackleg is in intestinal tract of animals where does it go
A
Organism crosses epithelial layer of GI tract and enters tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle)
Phagocytized by macrophages and endospores remain dormant
24
Q
Blackleg causes by C. Chauvoei is considered a ___ disease
A
Endogenous
25
What is the virulence factor for C. Chauvoei causing blackleg and what does it do
CctA: Clostridium Chauvoei toxin A: pore forming toxin that perforates cell membrane
26
Who is most commonly infected with C. Chauvoei that causes blackleg
Young well fed cattle 6 months to 2 years
27
What does C. Chauvoei cause in sheep
Gas gangrene
28
How does C. Chauvoei get into sheep
Wound infections following injury from shearing, docking, castration, crutching
29
T or F: C. Chauvoei that causes gas gangrene in sheep is nearly 100% fatal
True
30
What is the pathogenesis of blackleg caused by C. Chauvoei
1. Germination of spores in anoxic tissues
2. CctA generates lesions (dark, dry, emphysematous, hemorrhagic)
3. Metabolism- gas
31
What is the likely cause and disease
C. Chauvoei, causing blackleg disease
32
What are the clinical manifestations of C. Chauvoei causing blackleg disease
1. Gangrenous cellulitis and crepitant myositis- large muscles in back, limbs and neck
2. Acute development of lameness, edema, crepitation
33
How can you dx blackleg caused by C. Chauvoei
1. Muscles are dark red to black, dry, spongy, sweet odor, infiltrated with small bubbles, neutrophils
2. Smear infected tissues gram + rods
3. Fluorescent antibodies
34
What is treatment for blackleg in outbreak setting
1. Vaccinate susceptible animals and tx prophylactically with penicillin up to 14 days (multivalent vax)
2. Move cattle from affected grazing grounds
35
How can you control blackleg
Vaccinate with multivalent bacterin vaccine
36
What is the cause of infectious necrotic hepatitis aka black disease
C. Novyi
37
Where is C. Novyi found
Soil, often present in intestine and liver of herbivores
38
Black disease often coincides with presence of ___
Liver fluke: F. Hepatica
39
What are the virulence factors associated with C. Novyi type B and what do they do
1. TcnA- Clostridium Novyi toxin A (alpha toxin)- lethal necrotizing, activates GTP binding proteins leading to edema
2. B-toxin- potent phospholipase
40
What is the pathogenesis of black disease
1. C. Novyi type B (in sheep and cattle)
2. Endospores ingested and migrate to Kupffer cells in liver where they remain dormant
3. Liver cell injury (flukes)—> tissue becomes anoxic so endospores germinate and produce toxins
4. Sudden death ~2 days
41
Darkening of SQ tissues and blackening of carcass after death is a hallmark of what disease, caused by what
Black disease, caused by C. Novyi type B
42
How can you dx. black disease
1. Liver lesions- grayish yellow gross lesions, fluke tracts
2. Large gram + rods
3. Fluorescent antibodies
43
Cow liver, what likely caused these lesions
C. Novyi causing black disease, also flukes
44
Black disease in pigs is due to infection with what intestinal roundworm
Ascaris
45
What is the most distinguishing sign of black disease in pigs
Spongy liver
46
Liver from pig, what is disease and cause
black disease caused by C. Novyi and infection with Ascaris
47
What is tx for C. Novyi type B
No treatment available, typically animals found dead to rapid deterioration
48
How can you control C. Novyi type B
1. Vaccination with multivalent bacterin-toxoid (longterm immunity)
2. Control flukes
49
What is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria (red water disease)
C. Haemolyticum
50
What species is commonly affected by C. Haemolyticum and where
Ruminants in Rocky Mountains, pacific coast, Gulf of Mexico
51
How do ruminants get C. Haemolyticum
Grazing in pastures infested with liver flukes encysted on vegetation which decrease O2 leading to sporulation of C. Haemolyticum endospores
52
What is the virulence factor on C. Haemolyticum and what does it do
B-toxin- hemolytic necrotizing phospholipase C
53
What is the pathogenesis of C. Haemolyticum
1. Ingestion of endospores which are absorbed by intestine
2. Spores transported to liver and remain dormant with high O2
3. Grazing leads to ingestion of cysts for liver fluke
4. Young liver flukes ex cyst in duodenum, burrow in intestinal wall and migrate to liver
5. Burrow and feed on parenchyma of liver
6. Create anaerobic tissue causing germination of C. Haemolyticum and toxic produced
7. Leading to hepatocyte necrosis and endovascular thrombosis
54
What is the clinical manifestation for Bacillary hemoglobinuira caused by C. Haemolyticum
1. Acute- sudden death in 10-12hrs
2. Subacute (3-4) days- fever jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, rapid deep breathing, decreased milk production, blood in feces and urine
55
Cow bladder with red “water” in urine, what is likely cause and disease
C. Haemolyticum causing bacillary hemoglobinuria
56
How can you dx C. Haemoglobinuria/ bacillary hemoglobinuira
1. Hx
2. Necropsy- lesions/ infarcts on liver
3. Decreased blood cell and hemoglobin concentration
57
What is tx for Bacillary hemoglobinuira
1. Antitoxin
2. Blood transfusion and fluid therapy
58
T or F: antibiotics are an effective tx for bacillary hemoglobinuira
False- likely ineffective
59
How do you control C. Haemolyticum/ bacillary hemoglobinuira
Vaccination- seasonal 1 dose prior to dry season
60
What is the primary cause of malignant edema- gas gangrene leading to necrotizing Clostridial infection of soft tissue
C. Septicum
61
C. Septicum has high incidence in what species
Horses and cattle
62
Where is C. Septicum found
Soils, animal and human small intestine
63
How do animals get infected with C. Septicum
Endospores or vegetative cells contaminate wounds
64
What are the virulence factors associated with C. Septicum and what does it do
1. ATX- alpha toxin- pore forming lethal toxin—> leads to cell oncosis/ swelling or ischemic death
65
How does the C. Septicum toxin spread
Hematogenous spread
66
What are the risk factors for C. Septicum
Poor hygiene practices
67
What are the general signs of C. Septicum
Develop 6-49ers after injury or endospore activation leading to anorexia, intoxication, high fever, local lesions, reluctance to move
68
What local lesions are associated with C. Septicum
1. Large amounts of exudate infiltrate SQ or intramuscular CT, muscles are dark brown, black or red
2. Progressed state- extensive sloughing of skin
69
What lesion occurs in post patruient cows caused by C. Septicum
1-3 days after calving get necrotizing vulvovaginitis and metritis associated with lacerations at parturition, marked edema, severe toxemia, and death
70
What is likely cause. You also noted skin sloughing off locally.
C. Septicum
71
How do you dx C. Septicum
1. Fluorescent antibodies
2. PCR
3. Gram stain- gram + rods
72
What is a helpful way to dx C. Septicum in horses
Clostridial diseases cause IMHA so do blood smear, notice echinocytosis: toxin altered RBC membranes
73
Blood smear from horse, you also note dark brown/black muscles and sloughing of skin. What is likely cause and how does histo support that
C. Septicum
Histo: echinocytosis: toxin altered RBC membranes
74
What is tx for C. Septicum
High dose penicillin, tetracycline or broad spectrum antibiotics
75
How do you control C. Septicum
Multivalent vaccine
76
What is causative against of Big head or swollen head
C. Novyi type A- TcnA toxin
77
What is common cause of Big head or swollen head
Young rams butting heads, breaks in skin, endospores enter, bruising provides good conditions for endospore germination
78
What is tx for big head or swollen head
Broad spectrum antibiotic or penicillin
79
How do you control big head or swollen head
Multivalent vaccine
80
What is likely cause and disease
C. Novyi type A causing big head/ swollen head
81
What clostridial causes gas gangrene
C. Perfringens type A
82
Where is C. Perfringens type A found
Soil, marine sediment, GI tract
83
How do animals get infected with C. Perfringens type A
Infection following trauma
84
What is key virulence factor for C. Perfringens type A
CPA-alpha toxin-phospholipase, hemolytic, necrotizing
85
What are clinical signs of C. Perfringens Type A
Rapid progression, extensive invasion of damaged skeletal muscle, gas production- SQ crepitation
86
How do you dx C. Perfringens type A
1. Fluorescent antibodies of bacteria
2. Anaerobic isolation and culture- double zone of hemolysis on blood agar (target shape)
87
What is likely cause
C. Perfringens type A
88
What is tx for C. Perfringens type A
Usually ineffective but Penicillin or other broad spectrum antibiotic
89
How do you control C. Perfringens type A
Vaccination for cattle: toxoid A
NOT PART OF MULTIVALENT VACCINE
90
What clostridium is associated with ruminants and horses and causes fatal myositis and hepatic disease
Paeniclostridium sordellii
91
What is toxin for P. Sordellii and what does it do
TcsL- toxin clostridium sordellii- modifies Ras and Rac GTPases altering cell cytoskeleton leading to apoptosis
92
Myonecrosis caused by __organism is fatal
P. Sordellii
93
What are the clinical manifestations in horses with P. Sordellii
1. Acute rhabdomyolysis- breakdown muscle tissue leading to release of myoglobin in blood
2. Hepatic disease
3. Fatal disease in perinatal foals
94
What does P. Sordellii cause in sheep
Fatal uterine infections post labor
95
What is tx for P. Sordellii
There is no tx
96
How do you control P. Sordellii
Multivalent vaccine
97
What does the alpha toxin associated with C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as
Aka CPA or PLC
Hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin and leads to production and release of IL-8, neutrophil chemoattractant
98
What does beta toxin of C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as
Aka CPB
Pore forming toxin targeting array of host cells
99
What does epsilon toxin of C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as
Aka ETX
Pore forming toxin that binds lipid rafts in host cell membranes leading to ion exchange and apoptosis
100
What does the iota toxin for C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as is
Aka ITX
Ia enters cell via Ib pore and disrupts host cell actin leading to cell death
101
What does enterotoxin for C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as
Aka CPE
Causes pore formation in apical side of epithelial cells- loss of ion homeostasis and apoptosis
102
What does NetB toxin of C. Perfringens do and what is it also known as
Aka necrotic enteritis toxin B
Recognizes cholesterol free regions in cell membranes, forms pores that allow entry of ions
103
What is the most widespread toxotype for C. Perfringens in environment
Type A-CPA toxin
104
What C. Perfringens toxin is a common inhabitant of mammalian microbiota
Type A- CPA toxin
105
CPA toxin is known to be a critical toxin in what 2 diseases
1. Gas gangrene
2. Gangrenous mastitis
106
Abomasum from cow, what C. Perfringens toxin likely caused this
type A- CPA toxin
107
What toxins are included in type B C. Perfringens
CPA, CPB, ETX toxins
108
What clostridium type causes lamb dysentery
Type B- CPA, CPB and ETX toxins
109
Older lambs that have loss of condition, depression, reluctance to suckle and neurological signs likely have what perfringens type
Type B-CPA, CPB, ETX (ETX causes brain lesions)
110
What toxins are associated with C. Perfringens type C
CPA, CPB and some CPE
111
Changes to __lead to overgrowth of C. Perfringens type C
Microbiota
112
C. Perfringens type C is often detected in feces of __that is transferred to ___ shortly after pig
Sows, piglets
113
What happens in calves with C. Perfringens type C
Acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, convulsions, opsithotonos (necrotizing enteritis)
114
What happens in pigs with infected with C. Perfringens type C
Acutely ill within few days of birth: diarrhea, dysentery, reddening of anus (necrotizing enteritis)
High fatality rate
115
What happens in foals infected with C. Perfringens type C
Acute dysentery, toxemia, and rapid death (necrotizing enteritis)
116
How do you dx C. Perfringens type C
Necropsy- hemorrhagic enteritis with ulceration of mucosa
Intestines have deep blue-purple appearance
117
What is tx for C. Perfringens type C
Usually ineffective but type C antitoxin or antibiotic in piglets less than 2hrs of age
118
How do you control C. Perfringens
1. Vaccination of pregnant animals in last 3rd or pregnancy
2. Antitoxin to newborn of unvaccinated mother
119
Intestines of piglet, calve, or foal that had acute diarrhea, dysentery. What is likely cause
C. Perfringens type C
120
What toxins are associated with Type D C. Perfringens
CPA, ETX, and some CPE
121
What C. Perfringens type is also called overeating disease, pulpy kidney
Type D
122
What species is likely infected with C. Perfringens type D and what is cause
Lambs from 3-10 weeks or weaned in feedlots due to high carbohydrate diets, lush green pastures
123
What is the virulence factor and pathogenesis associated with C. Perfringens type D
1. Overgrowth of type D with production of ETX
2. ETX is absorbed into blood stream and disseminates
3. Edema and necrotic lesions in brains, lungs, and kidneys
124
Why would colostrum be effective at preventing C. Perfringens type D
Colostrum contains trypsin inhibitors which is what activates protoxin in GI tract
125
How do you dx C. Perfringens type D
1. Fecal smears with G+ rods
2. Confirmation of ETX gene via PCR
126
How do you control for C. Perfringens type D
1. Vaccination
2. For outbreaks use antitoxin and revaccinate
127
What toxins are in C. Perfringens type F
CPA and CPE toxins
128
What species are typically affected by C. Perfringens type F
Cats and dogs
129
What are some clinical signs of C. Perfringens type F in dogs and cats
Diarrhea, dehydration, fever abdominal pain, with or without hypovolemic shock (hemorrhage)
130
How do you dx C. Perfringens type F
Large gram + bacilli in feces or ELISA for CPE
131
How do you tx C. Perfringens type F
IV fluids and metronidazole
132
What is mechanism of action of metronidazole
Breaks DNA blocks replication and transcription
133
What toxins are present in C. Perfringens type G
CPA and NetB toxins
134
What does C. Perfringens type G cause in birds
Necrotic enteritis in poultry
135
What are some signs of C. Perfringens type C in poultry
Sudden increase in morality, depression, ruffled feathers, diarrhea
136
What does the necropsy look like of poultry infected with C. Perfringens type G
Dark, swollen, and firm liver, distended gall bladder, watery brown, blood tinged fluid, foul-smelling brown fluid in intestines
137
Where is C. Difficicle found
Large intestine of healthy and sick animals, resistant spores found wherever animal is housed
138
C. Difficle associated with diarrhea is linked to changes in ___ caused by ___
Intestinal microbiota caused by antibiotics, feed changes, stress, NSAIDS
139
C. Difficle disease is worse in animals with expanded LI like __, ___, and ___
Horses, rabbits and swine
140
How is C. Difficle spread
Massive number in feces of antibiotic treated animals
141
What toxins are associated with C. Difficle and what do they do
1. CDT- C. Difficle transferase
2. TcnA and TcdB: glycosylating toxins induce cytoskeletal changes compromising epithelial cell barrier
All 3 toxins disrupt actin cytoskeleton and induce severe inflammatory response
142
How do you dx C. Difficle
1. Fecal PCR for toxin genes
2. ELISA for TcdA and TcdB toxins
143
How do you tx C, Difficle
Metronidazole, fecal transplants
144
How do you control C. Difficle
Probiotics at time of antibiotics to reduce risk
