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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 19: Small Ruminant Theriogenology Pt.2 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Small Ruminant Theriogenology Pt.2 (Pozor) Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

major cause of reduced fertility in rams

A

epididymitis

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2
Q

cause of lamb epididymitis

A

opportunistic bacteria (Actinobacillus seminis or Histophilus somni)

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3
Q

cause of ram epididymitis

A

Brucella ovis

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4
Q

symptoms of epididymitis

A

enlarged painful scrotum
poor semen quality
subfertility

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5
Q

lamb epididymitis chars.

A
  • usually occurs breeding stock ram producing flocks (single sex herds)
  • 4-12 mo. old
  • ascending infection of opportunistic bacteria
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6
Q

lamb epididymitis CS/Dx/Tx/Prevent

A

CS: enlarged, painful scrotum
Dx: scrotal palpation, leukocytes in semen
Tx: poor prognosis; cull
Prev: separate from adult rams, periodic scrotal exams, tetracyclines in feed

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7
Q

Ram epididymitis chars.

A
  • caused by Brucella ovis
  • oral, conjunctival, venereal trans.
  • shed in semen and urine
  • causes repro loss and dec. fertility
  • testicular atrophy if chronic
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8
Q

Dx of Ram epididymitis

A
  • palpate: usually unilateral, swollen
  • semen: detached heads, WBCs
  • serum ELISA (doesn’t detect all carriers)
  • semen culture
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9
Q

Control of Ram epididymitis

A
  • reportable in some states
  • ELISA test
  • culling
  • replace affected rams
  • vax NOT effective
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10
Q

Balanoposthitis chars**

A
  • aka “Pizzle Rot”
  • inflammation of glans and prepuce
  • more frequent in sheep than goats
  • castration, high protein diet = predisposing factors
  • have high urinary urea content
  • Corynebacterium renale
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11
Q

predisposing factos for Balanoposthitis

A

castration

high protein diet

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12
Q

bacteria assoc. with Balanoposthitis

A

Corynebacterium renale

-break down the urea to form ammonia

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13
Q

CS of Balanoposthitis

A

skin irritation
ulcerations
necrosis of the penis/sheath

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14
Q

Tx/prev. of Balanoposthitis

A

Tx: Local: debridement, hydrogen peroxide, abx ointment, clean bedding
Prevention: lower protein in diet, antiseptic tx, implants of synthetic testosterone, induced cryptorchidism

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15
Q

False pregnancy of goats chars.

A
  • accumulation of large amt. of uterine fluid with a persistent CL present on the ovary
  • can be due to hydrometra, mucometra, cloudburst
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16
Q

False pregnancy of goats CS

A

absence of cyclicity b/c of CL

abdominal enlargement

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17
Q

Dx of False pregnancy of goats

A
  • elevated P4 but no pregnancy
  • BioPRYN/Estrone Sulfate - negative
  • BEST: transabdominal US exam: fluid filled uterus w/o fetus or caruncles
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18
Q

Tx of False pregnancy of goats

A
  • spontaneous resolution
  • prostaglandins (verify lack of pregnancy FIRST!)
  • oxytocin if retention of uterine fluid
  • usually become fertile again after tx
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19
Q

periparturient problems

A 
pregnancy toxemia
vaginal prolapse
hypocalcemia
"ringwomb"
dystocia
retained placenta
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20
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia chars.

A
  • rapid fetus development –> increased nutritional demands –> neg. energy balnce –> use fat as energy source –> impaired liver fx and ketone body formation
  • Primary: triplets, quadruplets, etc. or fatty or very thin animals
  • Secondary: lameness, “broken mouth”
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21
Q

CS of Pregnancy Toxemia

Study These Flashcards
A 
No appetite
Depression, lethargy
Muscular imbalance
Grinding of teeth
Ketone breath
death
22
Q

Dx of Pregnancy Toxemia

Study These Flashcards
A

history, CS

Lab tests: ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, hepatic or liver failure

23
Q

Tx/Prev. of Pregnancy Toxemia

Study These Flashcards
A 
PO Propylene glycol
IV glucose-dextrose
Insulin
B vitamins
Induce labor or C-section
Prev: good feeding management
24
Q

Vaginal Prolapse

Study These Flashcards
A
  • usually occurs in late gestation, with rising estrogens

- high likelihood of recurring

25
Tx of vaginal prolapse
- cull - caudal epidural anesthesia - clean and reduce prolapse - abx and tetanus prophylaxis - can use retention devices ("Ewe Saver"), Buhner suture, Prolapse Pin
26
Hypocalcemia chars.
- late gestation - heavily lactating - forced excercise
27
CS/Dx/Tx of Hypocalcemia
CS: recumbency, dyspne Dx: Hx, CS, hypocalcemic Tx: Calcium Borogluconate IV or SC
28
"Ringwomb" chars.
- failure of cervical dilatation - unknown cause - may have hereditary component
29
CS/Tx/
CS: no obvious signs of first stage of labor, dystocia Tx: C-section, cull affected females
30
When to intervene with dystocia: 30-30-30 rule
- wait 30 mins from when kidding has started (see placenta or fetal part), then check female - if everything ok, wait 30 more min. before assisting delivery - if more kids, wait 30 more min. for next
31
most common types of dystocia
head laterally flexed, or forelimb with carpal or elbow flexion
32
C-section should be done on which side?
L flank
33
retained fetal membranes
retained if >12-18hrs | Tx: usually not necessary, give abx/prostaglandins if systemic signs
34
Non-infectious causes of abortion
``` stress trauma hyperthermia plants hybrids ```
35
ZOONOTIC infectious causes of abortion
``` Toxoplasmosis Enzootic Abortion Virbriosis Q fever Listeriosis Brucellosis Leptospirosis Salmonellosis ```
36
non-zootic infectious causes of abortion
Neospora canis Bluetongue virus Cache Valley Disease Endotoxin
37
Abortion Diagnostics
- Hx - maternal serum and whole blood - entire fetus, if small - Fetal organs - Placenta - Fetal heart blood - Fetal abomasal contents (sterile source of amniotic fluid)
38
causitive agent of toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
39
CS/Dx of toxoplasmosis
CS: fetal resorption, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20%) Dx: -gross exam of placenta: see white necrotic foci in cotyledons, while intercodyledonary space normal** -Histopath -Serology: Ab in fetal fluids -Tx = prevention, treat your cats
40
Enzootic abortion of ewes***
causative agent: Chlamyophila abortus - reportable dz*** - latent carriers may continue to shed during estrus - immunity lasts about 3 yrs - rams can become infected and transmit
41
CS/Dx/Tx of Enzootic abortion of ewes
CS: later term abortion, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20-30%) Dx: -Placenta: thickening and necrosis of cotyledons and intercodyledonary space** -Aborted fetuses have petechia, white spots on liver, enlarged lymphnodes -Culture gives definitive dx Tx: disinfection, vaccine
42
Campylobacteriosis chars.
cuased by: Camplylobacter jejuni and C. fetus - infected ewes recover and are immune - persistently infected may shed organism in feces
43
CS/Dx/Tx of Campylobacteriosis
CS: late abortions, premature births, stillbirths, weak lambs ->70% abortion rate! -metritis and placentitis of ewes Dx: fetus: necrosis of liver, culture of fetal stomach or cotyledons Tx: Abx (tetracyclines), Vax
44
Bluetongue virus
causes hydranencephaly (small hemispheres, or one hemisphere missing)
45
Border Disease
-causes hairy fleece, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly in sheep
46
Cache Valley virus
causes hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis, hypoplastic cord in sheep
47
Akabane virus
causes rthrogryposis in sheep and goats (joint contractures)
48
viral orgs. assoc. with various fetal deformities
Bluetongue virus Border Disease Cache Valley virus Akabane virus
49
Veratrum californicum
plant causing: - cyclopia - hypoplasia of metacarpal, metarsal bones - long gestation - cleft palate
50
Locoweed, Lupine, Sudan
plant causing: | -arthrogryposis
51
T/F: periparturient problems in SR can be successfully addressed
T

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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