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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 11: Breeding Management and Infertility in Swine (Risco) > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Breeding Management and Infertility in Swine (Risco) Flashcards

1
Q

accessory sex glands in boar

A

prostate
vesicular
bulboruethral

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2
Q

biggest health problems in boars

A

lameness (laminitis)

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3
Q

type of penis in boar

A

fibroelastic

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4
Q

orientation of testes in boar

A

caudal (upside down)

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5
Q

Describe sow’s repro tract

A
  • bicornuate uterus
  • paired ovaries
  • red corpora lutea
  • long, twisted cervix
  • more resistant to uterine infections than other species
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6
Q

when do boars hit puberty?

A

~9 mo.

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7
Q

testosterone influence on puberty

A

–> penile growth (sigmoid flexure) + mounting behavior

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8
Q

penile frenulum

A

breaks down during first breeding/puberty

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9
Q

day light effect on puberty

A

inc. day light (15h/d) stimulatory in both boar and sow

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10
Q

“gloved hand method”

A

method of boar semen collection in which boar trained to mount dummy and semen collected by hand

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11
Q

most common method of breeding in swine

A

natural service

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12
Q

volume of boar ejaculate

A

150-300ml/ejaculate (LARGE) w/ 30-60 million sperm/ejaculate

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13
Q

ideal boar semen (motility/morph)

A

> 65% motile

>80% morphologically normal

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14
Q

boar pheromones

A

5alpha-androstenone

  • bound to proteins in boar saliva
  • helps stimulate estrus in sows (via HPA axis), puberty in gilts, and mounting behavior in young boars
  • sprays not recommended
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15
Q

when do gilts hit puberty?

A

6-7mo.

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16
Q

“Boar Effect”

A

helps stimulate puberty via pheromones

-continuous fence line exposure or full physical contact 10 mins/day

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17
Q

puberty in gilts is defined as

A

the beginning of cyclicity (follicular growth, ovulation, estrus, CL, CH, etc.)

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18
Q

estrous cycle in sow/gilt

A
  • non-seasonal, polyestrus
  • slight decrease in fertility during late summer
  • 21 d
  • SINGLE long follicular wave*
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19
Q

how many follicular waves in lactating cows?

A

2

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20
Q

how many follic. waves in mares, heifers?

A

3

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21
Q

what causes standing heat (2-3d) in sows?

A

follicular estradiol

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22
Q

how long after onset of estrus does ovulation occur?

A

35-44hrs (2/3 into estrus)

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23
Q

flush feeding

A

increase feed intake few days-2 weeks before estrus to increase # of oocytes. Helps with HPA axis

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24
Q

polytaucus (sp?) animals

A

bitch, sow, queen, SR. (often bare more than 1 fetus)

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25
Q

at what point in estrous cycle is CL functional?

A

by day 5-6

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26
Q

when will sow respond to exogenous PGF2a?

A

after day 12-13

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27
Q

T/F: non-pregnant uterus naturally releases PGF2a which lyses CL and returns sow to estrus

A

T

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28
Q

standing heat

A

when sow allows mounting by the boar

29
Q

back pressure test

A

firm pressure on back or sacrum causes sow to show standing heat

30
Q

how long does estrus last in sow? cow?

A

2-3 days; cow: 14-16hrs

31
Q

2ary signs of estrus

A 
restlessness during feeding
not settling down after feeding
frequent small-volume urination
ear cocking
red, swollen vulva with mucoid discharge
32
Q

swine breeding methods

A

pen mating (most common, natural service)
hand breeding
AI

33
Q

major reproductive diseases in swine

A 
PRRSV**
Brucellosis
Parvo Virus**
Lepto 
Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome
Pseudorabies
Swine Influenza
34
Q

PRRSV =

A

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus

35
Q

PRRSV chars.

A
  • -A Lelystad virus
  • respiratory signs wean-finish
  • repro losses in all stages of production (abortions, stillbirths, etc.)
  • Epi: aerosol, pig to pig, semen trans.
  • acute (epizootic) or chronic (endemic)
36
Q

Parvovirus immunity

A
  • delayed loss of maternal AB
  • 6-8 mo. of age decline and susceptible to infection
  • vaccination, acclimatization possible
37
Q

Parvo chars.

A
  • causes SMEDI: stillbirth, mummies, embryonic death, infertility
  • common, ubiquitous, endemic
  • viremia, fetal vasculitis, death
  • prolonged gestations, small litters, etc.
  • primarily gilt disease
38
Q

what percent of oocytes are fertilized?

A

~100%

39
Q

what percent of oocytes die within first 30 days? Until term?

A

20-30% by first 30 days, another 10% by term (~40% loss overall)

40
Q

uterine capacity

A

uterus limits # of embryos that survive

41
Q

embryos enter uterus how many days after conception?

A

2-4 days

42
Q

how long do embryos migrate?

A

2 wks

43
Q

implantation occurs when?**

A

14-18d

44
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy is determined by:

A

interferon tao/estradiol

45
Q

which species are CL dependent?***

A

sow
cow
small ruminants (mainly goats)
(bitch, queen to lesser extent)

46
Q

when do embryos secrete estradiol? what is the significance of this?***

A

day 10-11; maternal recognition of pregnancy (2nd peak occurs after day 14)

47
Q

hormone progression of non-pregnant cycling sow

A
  1. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary AND CL

2. oxytocin releases prostaglandin, which then becomes ENDOCRINE in nature –> regression of CL

48
Q

hormone progression of pregnant non-cycling sow

A
  1. blastocyst releases estrogen

2. prostaglandin is EXOCRINE in nature and is released but is NOT absorbed and doesn’t get back to CL

49
Q

oxytocin receptors in endometrium are upregulated by:

A

estrogen (from follicles)

50
Q

how many embryos needed to maintain pregnancy up to 30 days?

A

2 per horn

51
Q

how many fetuses total required to maintain pregnancy after 30 days?**

A

2 total

52
Q

sow gestation length

A

114 days (3 mo, 3 wks, 3 d)

53
Q

average litter size

A

11

54
Q

swine placenta type

A

diffuse epitheliochorial (see slide 31)

55
Q

what is parturition called in swine?

A

farrowing

56
Q

methods of pregnancy dx in swine

A
  • failure to return to estrus at 17-25 days after breeding
  • rectal palpation (>90% accurate after 30 days)
  • ultrasound
57
Q

3 types of US used in swine for preg. dx

A

1) Doppler - Rectal/Transabdominal
2) Amplitude-Depth (A-mode)
3) Real-Time (B-mode) <– most common

58
Q

When can Doppler-Rectal/Transabdominal US detect pregnancy?*** What does it also detect?

A

after 30 days of gestation-term. Detects inc. blood flow to uterine a., fetal heart, or umbilical aa. (150-250bpm)

59
Q

When can Amplitude-Depth (A-mode) US detect pregnancy? What does it also detect?

A

28-80 days after breeding. Detects fluid in uterus

60
Q

When can Real-Time (B-mode) US detect pregnancy?

A

16-20 days rectally, >21 days transabdominally

61
Q

avg. farrowing takes how long?

A

2-5 hrs

62
Q

placenta delivered how long after delivery?

A

4 hrs

63
Q

induction of parturition advantage

A
  • ensures attendance of farrowing –> inc. survival rate of pigs
  • chance to cross-foster pigs to sows w/ small litters
64
Q

how to induce parturition

A

prostaglandin (PGF2a):

  • tx 1-2 days before due date
  • most will farrow w/n 36 hrs
  • can give oxytocin if no response
65
Q

lactational anestrus

A

inability of sows to cycle while nursing (normal)

  • wean pigs and sows will return to estrus by 28 days post farrowing
  • boar exposure can help synchronize sows
66
Q

losing weight –> neg. energy balance –> ketotic –> betahydroxybutarate increases, glucose decreases, etc. –> HPA axis disrupted

A

(prevented by proper diet)

67
Q

sows weaned during which season may take longer to return to estrus?

A

summer (due to dec. feed intake)

68
Q

boars can get what if diet too rich in calcium/minerals?

A

spondylosis deformans

69
Q

larger testes size in boars correlates to what in daughters?

A

more teets

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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