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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 7: Equine Breeding Management (Macpherson) > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Equine Breeding Management (Macpherson) Flashcards

1
Q

What is breeding (management)?

A
  • the mating and production of offspring by animals

- the activity of controlling the mating and production of offspring of animals

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2
Q

types of breeding programs

A
  • natural service

- AI (not allowed

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3
Q

How must horses be mted in registered Jockey clubs?

A

natural mating only

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4
Q

factors that affect pregnancy rates

A
  • breeding management**
  • stallion fertility
  • mare fertility
  • early pregnancy detection
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5
Q

1 cause for infertility in horses

A

breeding management, NOT breeding the proper time

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6
Q

what things to assess in stallion fertility

A
  • athletic and breeding history

- Breeding soundness: annual exam, physical health, semen quality, venereal disease

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7
Q

components of mare repro health

A
  • feritlity/foaling history
  • type of breeding program
  • breeding soundness exam
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8
Q

steps of breeding management

A

1) heat dection
2) monitoring the repro tract
3) induction of ovulation
4) breeding
5) post-breeding management
6) pregnancy detection

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9
Q

LH peak occurs before or after ovulation in mare?**

A

after

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10
Q

when does mare ovulate?

A

approx. 24hrs before end of estrus. Just before LH peak, just after estrogen peak

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11
Q

which hormone maintains pregnancy?

A

progesterone. Keeps other hormones at low lvls, prevents ovulation

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12
Q

what structure produces progesterone?

A

CL

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13
Q

see slide 10

A

:)

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14
Q

how long does estrus last in mare?

A

4-7 days (longer during short days of year and vice versa)

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15
Q

behavioral signs of estrus

A

(under influence of ESTROGEN):
tail up
urinate
wink (clitoral eversion)

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16
Q

role of oxytocin post-mating

A

stimulates uterine contractions to clear infection from mating, and to help sperm travel up oviduct

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17
Q

how long does diestrus last in mares?

A

14 days

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18
Q

behavioral signs of diestrus

A

(under influence of PROGESTERONE):
ears back
strike
kick

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19
Q

uterine edema present in presence of:

A

estrogen

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20
Q

tone of cervix when mare in het

A

soft, billowy

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21
Q

tone of cervix when under influence of progesterone/pregnant

A

tubular

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22
Q

methods of monitoring the repro tract

A

transrectal palpation and ultrasonography:

  • ovaries (for follicular development)
  • uterus (tone and edema)
  • cervix (tone/relaxation)
23
Q

describe “inside-out” anatomy of mare ovary

A
  • medullary region is on the OUTSIDE of the ovary and is where the majority of the follicles form
  • everything ovulates through the ovulation fossa
  • follicles develop on outside of ovary, but ovulate through fossa
24
Q

Who has larger pre-ovulatory follicle: horse or cow?

A

horse

25
Q

when is corpus hemorrhagicum present? is it palpable?

A

about 24 hrs post-ovulation. Yes.

26
Q

why is CL NOT palpable in mare?**

A

forms internally. Therefore, NOT a structure we can use to stage diestrus in the mare!!

27
Q

When is cervix longest, tightest and most tubular?

A

during pregnancy

28
Q

see green star slides

A

:)

29
Q

when is cervix shortest, softest, most edematous?

A

under maximl influence of estrogen during estrus

30
Q

can see cross-section of ____ on transrectal ultrasonography

A

uterine horns

31
Q

what do uterine horns look like in mare in heat?

A

“orange slice configuration”

32
Q

what is another way to detect presence of CL if can’t see on ultrasound?**

A

measure progesterone

33
Q

can mares double ovulate?

A

Y

34
Q

can follicles be present in diestrus?

A

yes, but they are small, with no wagon wheel appearance.

35
Q

methods of predicting ovulation

A 
-follicular: 
size (at least 35mm)
texture (softer = closer to ovulation)
shape (point forming = very close to ovulation
-uterine edema
36
Q

an ideal follicle to breed should be at least how big?

A

35mm

37
Q

HPO interaction

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stims. anterior pituitary to release LH, FSH. LH and FSH act on ovaries.

38
Q

deslorelin acetate

A

ovulatory agent

  • GnRH analog
  • acts upstream
  • only administer if: follicle at least 30mm, there is estrus edema, and relaxed cervix
  • causes ovulation 40-48 post-administration
  • expensive
39
Q

human chorionic gandotropin (hCG)

A

ovulatory agent

  • mimics LH
  • acts downstream
  • only use if: follicle at least 35mm, there is estrus edema, relaxed cervix.
  • ovulation occurs 24-48 hrs later (larger window than with deslorelin acetate)
  • less expensive
40
Q

methods of bringing mare back into heat quicker if she ovulates too early

A

Give prostaglandin when mare has mture CL (5 days post-ovulation) to cause her to come back into heat

41
Q

Where is prostaglandin naturally produced?

A

endometrium

-causes luteolysis 5 days post-ovultion and onset of estrus

42
Q

when is the best time to breed?***

A

as close to ovulation as possible

43
Q

oocyte longevity

A

24 (12) hrs

44
Q

sperm longevity

A

fresh: 48+ hrs
chilled: 24-48 hrs
frozen: 12 hrs post-thaw

45
Q

hand mating

A

breeding naturally under controlled conditions

46
Q

types of natural service breeding

A

pasture mating
hand mating
*should breed every 48 hrs, while monitoring mare’s trct to determine if follicle present and if she is ovulating

47
Q

how many “progressively motile” sperm in fresh semen?

A

500 million

48
Q

how many sperm/dose in fresh cooled semen?

A

at least 1 billion (but assume 50% die in transport)

-2 doses usually included

49
Q

when re ovulatory agents often used?

A

when using fresh cooled or frozen seme

50
Q

how many sperm/dose in frozen-thawed semen?

A

800 million to 1 billion, but with limited viability

51
Q

goals for breeding with frozen-thawed semen**

A

at least 12 hrs PRIOR to ovulation, or less than 8 hours AFTER ovulation

52
Q

if you see big billowy edema in uterus after breeding, what should you do?

A

post-breeding therapy to calm uterus down before embryo comes in at 5-6 days

53
Q

when to first examine for pregnancy and what to look for

A

14 days post-ovulation

-look for twins/early embryonic death

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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