Lect.16: Therio in Camelids Pt.2 (Pozor)

Question 1

98% of pregnancies occur in which horn of uterus in camelids?

Answer 1

left

Question 2

gestation length of camelids

Answer 2

335-360+

Question 3

type of placenta in camelids

Answer 3

epitheliochorial, diffus, microcotyledonary, non-deciduate. (similar to horses)

Question 4

T/F: camelid pregnancy is CL-progesterone dependent to term

Answer 4

T

Question 5

amnion adhered/not adhered to chorioallantois?

Answer 5

adhered

Question 6

indirect methods of pregnancy diagnosis in camelids

Answer 6

behavioral refusal

progesterone assay: P4 at least 1 ng/ml at 21 days after breeding

Question 7

Direct methods of pregnancy diagnosis***

Answer 7

Rectal palpation (at least 35 days after breeding/ovulation)
Ultrasound evaluation:
-transrectal 12-16/20d
-transabdominal 60-90d on left, at least 90d on right side***

Question 8

termination of pregnancy in camelids

Answer 8

IM prostaglandin administration (i.e. Cloprosternol or Dinoprost)
-lyses CL

Question 9

Can use corticosteroids for induction of parturition?**

Answer 9

NO. Can cause fetal death

Question 10

Female developmental abnormalities –> infertility

Answer 10

segmental aplasia
double cervix - didelphia
persistent hymen

Question 11

Female ovarian abnormalities –> infertility

Answer 11

hypoplasia
cystic follicles
hemorrhagic follicles
neoplasia

Question 12

female uterine abnormalities –> infertility

Answer 12

bacterial endometritis
metritis (usually occurs systemically post-partum)
uterine scarring (fibrosis)
cystic glandular distension (secretions get stuck in glands)

Question 13

Dx of female infertility

Answer 13

Hx
exam of external genitalia and vestibule
-abn, size, shape, discharge, strictures/bands, vaginal aplasia
transrectal U/S - uterus & ovaries
vaginal exam (vaginitis, cervicitis, cervical tears, adhesions, helps dx metritis, etc.)
uterine culture for bacteria
uterine biopsy of endometrium (through speculum; usually not justified)

Question 14

method of endometrial cytology and culture for bacterial endometritis

Answer 14

alpaca: swab via speculum
llama: similar to bovine, manipulating cervix through the rectum
Can do hysteroscopy (endoscopical evaluation of the uterus)
Can use estradiol cypionate (ECP) to hasten cervical relaxation (can cause trauma; not used at UF)

Question 15

most commonly isolated orgs. causing female infertility

Answer 15

Staph
Strep
E. coli
Bacillus
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 16

hysteroscopy helps visualize

Answer 16

adhesions
endometritis
cysts
tumors

Question 17

endometrial biopsy helps dx:

Answer 17

endometritis - inflammation
periglandular fibrosis - uterine scarring
cystic gland distention

Question 18

tx of ovarian cysts

Answer 18

sexual rest

Question 19

tx of hemorrhagic follicle

Answer 19

no tx needed

Question 20

tx of neoplasia causing female infertility

Answer 20

sx

Question 21

tx of endometritis due to bacterial infection

Answer 21

uterine lavage
infusion of abx based on the sensitivity - approx. 5 days
sexual rest for 10+ days
monitor follicular devel. and breed just once to reduce trauma/contamination
supervise breeding ideally with US monitoring

Question 22

indwelling uterine catheters

Answer 22

facilitate daily IU therapy
placed under sedation
daily intrauterine abx
daily uterine lavage
suture in place