Lecture 4: Canine Ovulation Timing & Breeding Management (Kelleman)

Question 1

most common cause of infertility**

Answer 1

breeding at the wrong time

Question 2

The Old Way of breeding dogs

Answer 2

breed EOD as long as bitch will stand.

• most effective non-timed method
• works for fresh semen, but not as well for cooled or frozen semen
• some bitches won’t stand or stand at wrong time

Question 3

how long does fresh semen live**

Answer 3

7-9d

Question 4

dogs have what type of sperm deposition?**

Answer 4

intrauterine

Question 5

3 stages of breeding in dogs

Answer 5

1) first stage coitus
2) the turn
3) second stage coitus

Question 6

bitch

Answer 6

intact female

Question 7

dog

Answer 7

intact (stud) dog

Question 8

what does “heat” or “in season” mean

Answer 8

estrus + proestrus

-time when vulvar discharge seen

Question 9

canine estrous cycle

Answer 9

proestrus -> estrus ->diestrus ->anestrus

Question 10

What does leutinizing hormone (LH) do?***

Answer 10

causes ovulation

Question 11

progesterone produced by:**

Answer 11

pregnant AND non-pregnant bitches

Question 12

estrogen controls:

Answer 12

• vaginal lining epithelial cells & wall thickness

- behavioral and physical signs

Question 13

when does LH peak occur?

Answer 13

On day 0. Marks the end of proestrus and beginning of estrus.

Question 14

Describe what estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH are doing during proestrus

Answer 14

(see slide 9)

• Estrogen rising and peaking
• Progesterone negligible, then starts to rise at very end of proestrus
• FSH declining, then sharply rises at end of proestrus
• LH low, then peaks at end

Question 15

Describe what estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH are doing during estrus

Answer 15

• Estrogen declining
• Progesterone rising
• FSH peaks early then rapidly declines
• LH declining off peak

Question 16

Describe what estrogen, progesterone, and LH are doing during diestrus

Answer 16

• estrogen declining
• progesterone peaks then declines
• LH low

Question 17

Gold standard for timing ovulation and estrus cycle of the bitch uses:**

Answer 17

endocrinology

Question 18

Events of canine estrous cycle can be described in terms of:

Answer 18

• behavior
• vaginal cytology
• endocrinology**
• anatomy

Question 19

Behaviora/anatomical signs of estrus

Answer 19

• flagging: estrus behavior in bitch (NOT horses) in which tail goes off to side when perineum is touched
• vulvar turgidity and discharge

Question 20

T/F: female dog’s urethra comes into vagina

Answer 20

T

Question 21

first pat of female tract =

Answer 21

vestibule

Question 22

Clicker: Which hormone is responsible for vaginal cytology cornification?**

Answer 22

Estrogen

Question 23

Is vaginal cytology used for ovulation timing?**

Answer 23

NO. Gives you a basic idea of where bitch is in the estrous cycle.

• useful when used in conjunction with progesterone
• can run bioassay off it for presenceof estrogen***

Question 24

cornification**

Answer 24

progression of epithelial cell death from tissue thickening due to estrogen
parabasal –> intermediate –> superficial–>anuclear squamous (“corn flake”)

Question 25

superficial cells defining chars.

Answer 25

have pyknotic nuclei (condensed chromatin)

Question 26

PMN =

Answer 26

polymorphonuclear neutrophil

Question 27

what will vag cytology looks like in proestrus? Estrus? Diestrus? Anestrus?

Answer 27

Proestrus: parabasal transitioning to intermediate Estrus: intermediate trans. to superficial Diestrus: PMNs + barabasal cells Anestrus: basal cells *proestrus and diestrus can look very similar*

Question 28

vaginoscopy use. How does it look in proestrusvs. estrus?

Answer 28

used to check progression but not used for ovulation timing. Proestrus looks pink/billowy/moist; estrus epithelium looks shrunken

Question 29

progesterone (P4) level estimates:**

Answer 29

LH peak and ovulation

Question 30

Clicker: how many days post LH surge is the bitch MOST fertile?***

Answer 30

4-6d

Question 31

How does LH peak in dogs differ from in cows and horses?

Answer 31

peaks BEFORE ovulation.

Question 32

At what progesterone lvl does LH peak usually occur?

Answer 32

2-3.9 ng/ml

Question 33

The 2-2-2-2 rule

Answer 33

LH peak assumed when progesterone 2ng/ml Ovulation occurs 2 days later Breed 2 days later Breed again 2 days later

Question 34

How long does LH peak last?

Answer 34

24-48hrs

Question 35

How long after LH peak does ovulation occur?

Answer 35

24-48 hrs later

Question 36

LH test**

Answer 36

used for daily evaluation of LH lvl and precise timing of LH peak and ovulation. - useful if using frozen semen - easy to miss LH peak if run too late - used WITH P4 testing - expensive - has gone on and off market

Question 37

eggs are fertilizable how long after ovulation?

Answer 37

1-2 days

Question 38

what must happen to eggs after they are ovulated for them to become fertile?

Answer 38

must undergo meiosis. They are then fertile for about 24 hrs

Question 39

types of semen

Answer 39

- natural service - fresh (used immediately) - cooled (used w/n 48 hrs) - frozen

Question 40

"wheel-barrow" position

Answer 40

helps push semen into cervix after vaginal insemination

Question 41

endoscopic transcervical insemination (TCI)

Answer 41

deposits semen intra-uterine | -appropriate for fresh, cooled, or frozen semen (esp. frozen, which doesn't traverse uterus well)

Question 42

Norwegian catheter

Answer 42

- trans-cervical insemination without endoscopic guidance | - deposits semen intra-uterine

Question 43

Surgical AI "Implant"

Answer 43

- less challenging way of providing intra-uterine depostion - banned in Europe - exteriorizes uterus via laparotomy, or uses laparoscopy

Question 44

standard vaginal AI dose

Answer 44

(semen deposited in vagina) | -250 million progressively motile, morphologically normal/ 150 mill. motile minimum

Question 45

intra-uterine insemination dose

Answer 45

100 million PMMN minimum | -can be used with frozen semen

Question 46

what is present in diestrus that isn't in proestrus?

Answer 46

neutrophils

Question 47

What changes cytologically between estrus and diestrus?**

Answer 47

ABRUPT change to NON-cornification. | -high progesterone stimulates this change

Question 48

How can onset of diestrus be used to time parturition?**

Answer 48

parturition will occur 57 +/- day from onset of cytological diestrus

Question 49

when should last natural matings be finished?

Answer 49

at least 2 days from onset of diestrus

Question 50

how many days does LH peak occur before onset of diestrus?

Answer 50

about 8-9 days

Question 51

length of gestation

Answer 51

57 +/- 1 day from cytological diestrus 65 +/- 1 day from LH peak 57-72 days from one random mating (up to 72 days because sperm lived 10 days in the bitch before fertilization occured)

Question 52

What to include in bitch's first exam when timing bitch's season

Answer 52

``` PE vag cytology digital exam (to look for strictures) +/- vaginoscopy Brucellosis test HWP/parasitology? +/- P4, based upon cytology and big picture ```

Question 53

Next steps after 1st exam when timing bitch's season

Answer 53

1) recheck every 2-3 days (P4 and vag cytology) - LH can be evaluated too - consider daily serum storage as P4 approaches 2ng/ml 2) Check P4 after expected ovulation to verify (should not rise) 3) Follow vag cyt daily for diestrus

Question 54

live vaccines during pregnancy?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

which cells aren't cornified?

Answer 55

parabasal

Question 56

which cells are cornified?

Answer 56

superficial and anuclear cells

Question 57

review slides 40,41

Answer 57

:)

Question 58

LH peak occurs how many days prior to cytological onset of diestrus?**

Answer 58

8-9 days

Question 59

what type of ovulation occurs in cats?**

Answer 59

induced ovulation | -requires sufficient coital stimulation to release LH and cause ovultion

Question 60

ovulation occurs how long after suficient coital stimulation in cats?

Answer 60

24-48hrs

Question 61

lordosis

Answer 61

estrus behavior of cats - very affectionate - butt in air - tredding/kneading

Question 62

how long does estrus last in cats

Answer 62

~8 days

Question 63

methods of supporting feline mating

Answer 63

- bring queen to male's territory - begin mating on estrus days 2-4 - minimum 3 times/day (4x in 2h period best) - look for queen's after reaction

Question 64

how to artificially induce ovulation in queens

Answer 64

human chorionic gonadotrophin has LH effect (does NOT work in dogs) -admin. day of or day prior to copulation

Question 65

methods of feline assisted reproduction

Answer 65

- vaginal, surgical, or transcervical AI | * *anesthesia and surgical laparotomy will adversely affect ovulation!