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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 3: Breeding Soundness Examination & Female Infertility (Kelleman) > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Breeding Soundness Examination & Female Infertility (Kelleman) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest cause of bitch infertility?**

A

improper timing of breeding

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2
Q

what things should be included in a GENERAL MEDICAL HISTORY during a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • illnesses, current medications, thyroid issues, skin issues, foods & “supplements,” etc.
  • kennel illnesses (i.e. herpesvirus)?
  • travel history (for possible transmissible venereal tumor)?
  • vaccines, HWP, etc.
  • brucella serology?
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3
Q

HWP and pregnancy

A

some HWP not labeled for pregnancy/breeding and could have deleterious effects (i.e. Spinosad)

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4
Q

OFA =

A

orthopedic foundation of america. Certs hips, elbows, etc.

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5
Q

how is brucella serology performed?

A

test run in house or through diagnostic labs. Test every 6-12 mo. depending on how often they are being mated

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6
Q

what things should be included in an ESTROUS CYCLE HISTORY during a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • cycling
  • interestrous interval
  • # of cycles
  • # of days of vulvar d/c
  • how long receptive (“stand for dog”)
  • vaginal cytologies or hormone testing?
  • rx to incude estrus or “improve fertility”?
  • bitch family history of infertility?
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7
Q

what things should be included in a BREEDING HISTORY during a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • bitch allowed stud to mount? Observed to “tie”?
  • # breedings/cycle?
  • choice of breeding days?
  • stud sired litters since this bitch?
  • “inside tie” vs. “outside tie”?
  • bitch transport/travel/tranquilization for breeding?
  • method of breeding? AI, sx AI
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8
Q

what is an “outside” tie?

A

stud ejaculates but is not a normal inside tie. Not a normal mating behavior.

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9
Q

What things should be included in a PREGNANCY HISTORY during a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • litters? # pup survival?
  • caesarian sections?
  • abortion?
  • early embryonic death “resorption”? (At what time? How was it diagnosed? at what gestational age?)
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10
Q

OTHER REPRO HISTORY for a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • previous pyometra?
  • vaginitis?
  • vulvar dermatitis?
  • mismating? (i.e. bred by feral dog; has she been therapeutically aborted because of one?)
  • medications to prevent or delay estrus? (i.e. progesterone
  • is inter-estrus interval normal?
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11
Q

What things should be included in a REPRODUCTIVE EXAM during a breeding soundness exam?

A
  • vulva: infantile (very small)? dermatitis? recessed? discharge?
  • digital vestibule/vaginal exam: a problem could prevent male from tying properly
  • mammary glands: check for neoplasia
  • abdominal palpation
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12
Q

recessed vulva

A

vulva has slightly different anatomic orientation; can cause vaginitis or dermatitis, descharge/irritation

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13
Q

is ultrasound very good at detecting ovarian function?

A

no

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14
Q

potential diagnostics you can run

A
  • CBC, chem, U/A
  • manual vaginal exam
  • vaginoscopy
  • vaginal cytology
  • repro culture
  • thyroid panel
  • progesterone**
  • repro ultrasound/rads
  • exploratory laparotomy
  • karyotype (to detect possible genetic issues)
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15
Q

importance of canine vaginal examination

A
  • invaluable in dx of variety of abnormalities

- most effective and reliable method of diagnosing a vaginal stricture

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16
Q

dangers of strictures/stenosis/tissue bands

A

can cause mating problems, urinary tract signs, dystocia, or puppies can get caught on them

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17
Q

normal reproductive causes of vulvar discharge

A

repro cycle
parturition
postpartum

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18
Q

abnormal repro causes of vulvar discharge

A
  • pyometra
  • abortion
  • metritis
  • hemorrhage
  • subinvolution of placentalsites
  • estrogen stimulation (ie. follicular cysts, ovarian remnant syndrome, iatrogenic)
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19
Q

misc. causes of vulvar discharge

A 
neoplams
foreign body
urovagina
uterine stump pathology
UT pathology
vaginitis with anatomic defects of vaginal or vestibular vault
puppy vaginitis
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20
Q

Which bacteriaare normal on vaginal cytology?

A

mixed floraof staph, strep, E. coli, pasterurella, mycoplasma, andureaplasma. If there is an abundance of 1 type, may indicate infection and need for abx

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21
Q

canine herpes virus causes:

A

mummies, abortions, stillborns, premature delivery.

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22
Q

transmission of canine herpes virus

A

respiratory, oral, venereal

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23
Q

who is most at risk for canine herpes virus?

A

naive pregnant bitches. Most critical time is 3 wks pre and postpartum. Virus can live in nervous system and outbreak during times of stress, such as parturition.

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24
Q

Is Brucella ALWAYS pathologic? Is it zoonotic?

A

YES.

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25
Q

reproductive consequences of brucellosis infection

A 
fever
abortion
conception failure
early embryonic death
testicular atrophy
epididymitis
scrotal edema/dermatitis
semen abnormalities
*adult dogs rarely seriously ill*
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26
Q

non-repro consequences of brucellosis infeciton

A
  • diffuse lymphadenomegaly
  • diskospondylitis
  • lameness (osteomyelitis, polyarthritis)
  • ocular lesions, etc.
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27
Q

serosal cysts are on inside/outside of uterus?

A

outside

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28
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)

A
  • caused by repeated estrus and diestrus (estrogen, then progesterone)
  • endometrial cyst form.
  • inc. susceptibility to infection due to thickening, cysts, progesterone immune suppression. –> PYOMETRA
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29
Q

ovarian cyst

A
  • secrete estrogen or (and?) progesterone

- can be caused by granulosa cell tumor (?)

30
Q

estrogen-secreting ovarian cyst presents as:

A

prolonged estrus bleeding

31
Q

progesterone-secreting ovarian cyst presents as:

A

dog not coming into estrus on normal cycle

32
Q

How to treat canine/feline follicular cysts?

A

try to luteinize with hCG or GnRH (similar to cows, but not as successful)
-sx excision

33
Q

How to treat canine/feline ovarian cysts?

A

sx excision

34
Q

granulosa cell tumor can result from:

A

left over bits of ovary during sterilization procedure. Ultimately due to prolonged high estrogen exposure.
-leads to bone marrow suppression

35
Q

Name 6 cycle abnormalities

A
  • split heat
  • proestrus/estrus >8 weeks
  • prolonged diestrus
  • short interestrous interval (IEI)
  • anestrus
  • silent heat
36
Q

split heat

A

follicular wave –> atresia –> new follicular wave

37
Q

proestrus/estrus >8 weeks can be due to:

A
  • ovarian cyst
  • GCT
  • exogenous estrogen
38
Q

interestous interval shorter than __ months will affect bitch’s ability to achieve pregnancy

A

4

39
Q

short interestrous interval can be due to

A

postpartum or non-pregnant diestrus

40
Q

examples of intersex animal

A
  • XX sex-reversal male (true female that looks like a male)

- true hermaphrodites that have ovary, testis, or ovotestis

41
Q

poster child for intersex

A

cocker spaniel

42
Q

approach to female infertility

A
  • History: estrous cycle & mating info, family history of infertility, disease and vax status (esp. for FeLV, FIV)
  • PE
  • Dx testing PRN
43
Q

2 types of abnormal estrous cycle in cats

A

persistent anestrus, persistent estrus

44
Q

Describe the feline estrous cycle

A

(see slide 35)

1) proestrus (0-2d) + estrus (2-19d) can lead to postestrus (8-10d), diestrus pseudopregnant (40d), or diestrus pregnant (60d)
2) Any of these stages can lead back to proestus/estrus, or instead progess to anestrus (30-90d)
3) anestrus progresses back into proestrus/estrus

45
Q

Proestrus

A

time when cat attracts male but doesn’t allow mating. Followed by estrus.

46
Q

If cat ovulates spontaneously, she becomes ____

A

pseudopregnant

47
Q

postestrus

A

stage following estrus if cat is not mated or fails to ovulate. Follicular wave atrophies, then makes another follicular wave and goes back into estrus

48
Q

can cats get pregnant while they lactate?

A

Yes. (unlike cattle)

49
Q

how do estrogen an progesterone change during pregnancy?

A

estrogen decreases, progesterone increases, then decreases close to parturition (see slide 36)

50
Q

causes for persistent anestrus

A
  • seasonality, photoperiod
  • ovarian
  • behavioral
51
Q

seasonal polyestrous

A

repeated estrous cycles for a portion of the year
-usually occurs when days are long
-14-16 hrs of daylight/day stimulates estrus
(on the other hand, persistent anestrus can be caused by NOT getting enough daylight)

52
Q

Abnormalities resulting in ovarian anestrus

A
  • progesterone secreting ovarian cyst
  • neoplasia (Granulosa cell tumor (GCT))
  • karyotype or sexual differentiation abnormality
  • systemic dz. and ovarian inflamm.
  • exogenous hormone supression- progestagens
53
Q

what could be an obvious cause of ovarian anestrus?

A

previous spay

54
Q

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) test**

A

determines if there is gonad present (i.e. if they are intact, have a remnant ovary, or are cryptorchid)**
-AMH is a glycoprotein hormone that is present in all placental mammals

55
Q

Where can ELISA for AMH be run?

A

Cornell, UC Davis

56
Q

AMH test is used in equine to determine:

A

cryptorchid, presence of GCT tumor

57
Q

Spaychek plus test

A

can detect intact or cryptorchid, but CANNOT detect ovarian remnant! Taken off market

58
Q

source of AMH in females**

A

ovarian granulosa cells (but only in animals old enough to ovulate)

59
Q

source of AMH in males**

A

testicular sertoli cells

60
Q

silent heat

A

a physiologically normal estrous cycle without outward behavioral “heat” signs
i.e. shy female, other dominant queens present

61
Q

spontaneous (normal) ovulation

A

cat ovulates without stimulation.

  • common in cat colonies
  • no mating
  • goes into diestrus “pseudo-pregnant”
62
Q

2 types (?) of behavioral anestrus

A

silent heat

spontaneous ovulation

63
Q

Persistent Estrus

A

Repeated follicular waves with overlap

  • estrogen induced signs of heat don’t subside
  • perceived as if cat is always in heat but doesn’t allow mating
  • causes: estrogen secreting follicular ovarian cysts, neoplasia (GCT), or exogenous hormone exposure
64
Q

causes of failure to mate even though queen allows mating and has normal estrous cycle

A
  • mating at wrong time in cycle
  • male preference
  • vestibulo-vaginal anatomic defects
65
Q

reasons for failing to achieve pregnancy even though queen allows mating and has normal estrous cycle

A
  • tom infertile
  • failure to ovulate (not enough stimulation)
  • congenital anatomical defects (oviduct, uterus, segmental aplasia)
  • cystic endometrial hyperplasia with infection (tx with abx)
  • inbreeding/karyotype issue
  • unknown etiology
66
Q

Things to check on a feline PE for breeding

A
  • general exam
  • limited repro exam including:
    • mammary glands
    • abdominal palpation
    • should be NO vulvar discharge
    • vaginal cytology to check for cornification
67
Q

Hormonal Diagnostics

A

1) vag cytology bio assay for presence of estrogen

2) progesterone: should rise post mating/ovulation, required for pregnancy

68
Q

lack of progesterone spike post-mating indicates

A

not enough stimulation during mating. Ovulation didn’t occur.

69
Q

period of progesterone =

A

diestrus

70
Q

Other diagnostics for feline breeding exam

A
  • abdominal ultrasound
  • exploratory laparotomy
  • karyotyping
71
Q

abnormalities in what organ often correspond to uterine abnormalities?

A

kidney

72
Q

only facility for small animal karyotyping

A

UC Davis

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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