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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 23. Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 23. Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What do neurotransmitters do at synapses ?

A

Diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

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2
Q

What are motor neurons ?

A

Final common pathway by which various regions of the CNS exert control over skeletal muscle activity

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3
Q

What areas are influenced by motor neurons ?

A

Spinal cord, motor regions of the cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum and brainstem

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4
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter ?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What are acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction ?

A

Nicotonic

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6
Q

What happens when acetylcholine receptors are activated ?

A

Ion channels open allowing influx of current and depolarisation of cell

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7
Q

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase ?

A

Inactivates acetylcholine, ends the end-plate potential and the action potential and resultant contraction

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8
Q

What does black widow spider venom do ?

A

Cause explosive release of acetylcholine resulting in prolonged depolarisation and respiratory failure

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9
Q

What does botulinim do ?

A

Blocks the release of acetylcholine causing flacid paralysis

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10
Q

What does curare do ?

A

Blocks the action of acetylcholine at receptor sites (antagonist competitive with acetylcholine)

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11
Q

What do organophosphates (sarin) do ?

A

Prevent inactivation of acetylcholine resulting lung muscle paralysis

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12
Q

What is a modified part of sympathetic nervous system ?

A

Adrenal medulla

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13
Q

What is the adrenal medulla ?

A

A modified sympathetic ganglion that does not give rise to postganglionic fibres

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14
Q

What prompts secretion of hormones into blood ?

A

Stimulation of preganglionic fiber

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15
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system ?

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Noradrenaline

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16
Q

Where is the sympathetic acetylcholine secreted from ?

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron

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17
Q

Where is the sympathetic noradrenaline secreted from ?

A

Post-ganglionic neuron

18
Q

What causes the release of adrenaline from adrenal gland ?

A

Noradrenaline

19
Q

In the parasympathetic system, where is acetylcholine released from ?

A

Both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons

20
Q

What are the cholinergic receptors ?

A
  1. Nicotinic receptors

2. Muscarinic receptors

21
Q

What is the function of the cholinergic receptor ?

A

Binds acetylcholine

22
Q

Where is nicotinic receptor found on ?

A

Postganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic receptors

23
Q

Where is the muscarinic receptor found ?

A

On the effector cell membrane

24
Q

What is the function of andrenergic receptors ?

A

Binds noradrenaline and adrenaline

25
Q

What is the function of the receptor agonist ?

A

Binds to same receptor as neurotransmitter and elicits an effect that mimics that of a neurotransmitter

26
Q

What is the function of the receptor antagonist ?

A

Binds to the receptor and blocks the neurotransmitter response

27
Q

What can regions of CNS involved in control of autonomic activities be influenced by ?

A

Prefrontal cortex through its involvement with emotional expression characteristic of individual’s personality

28
Q

What plays an important role in integrating autonomic, somatic and endocrine responses ?

A

Hypothalamus

29
Q

What is the region directly responsible for autonomic output ?

A

Medulla within brain stem

30
Q

What are the autonomic reflexes integrated at spinal cord level ?

A

Urination, defecation and erection

31
Q

What are two examples of the use of autonomic nervous system pharmacology in clinical practice ?

A
  1. Bronchodilator

2. Metroprolol

32
Q

What is the bronchodilator - salbutamol ?

A

B2- adrenergic agonist

33
Q

Where are the B2-adrenergic receptors found ?

A

The predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle

34
Q

How do bronchodilator drugs act ?

A

They act on receptors to mimic the effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter, widening bronchioles and making it easier to breathe

35
Q

What is the metoprolol ?

A

An anti-hypertensive that blocks B1 adrenergic receptors

36
Q

Where are B1 adrenergic receptors found ?

A

In heart muscle cells

37
Q

What do B-blockers do ?

A

Block the effect of sympathetic nerves, decreasing heart rate and helping to lower blood pressure

38
Q

What are some common neurotransmitters ?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Noradrenaline
  4. Adrenaline
  5. Serotonin
  6. Histamine
  7. Glycine
  8. Glutamate
  9. Aspartate
  10. GABA
39
Q

What is the blood brain barrier ?

A

How blood vessels are arranged in the brain

40
Q

What makes the blood brain barrier effective ?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells lining cerebral blood vessels

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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