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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 25. Endocrine Regulation of Physiological Function > Flashcards

Lecture 25. Endocrine Regulation of Physiological Function Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five types of cell to cell communication ?

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
  2. Paracrine signaling
  3. Autocrine signaling
  4. Synaptic signaling
  5. Neuroendocrine signaling
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2
Q

What are hormones ?

A

Chemical signals secreted into the circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages to target cells

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3
Q

What are the three classes of hormones ?

A
  1. Polypeptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Amines
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4
Q

What are the water soluble hormones ?

A
  1. Polypeptides

2. Most amines

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5
Q

What hormones are lipid soluble ?

A
  1. Steroid hormones

2. Largely non-polar hormones

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6
Q

How are water soluble hormones secreted by ?

A

Exocytosis

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7
Q

What do water soluble hormones do ?

A

Travel freely in the bloodstream and bind to cell surface receptors

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8
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones do ?

A

Diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins and diffuse through the membranes of target cell

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9
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind ?

A

Receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

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10
Q

Where are endocrine cells often grouped ?

A

Endocrine glands

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11
Q

What are endocrine glands ?

A

Ductless glands

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12
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands ?

A
  1. Thyroid and parathyroid glands

2. Testes or ovaries

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13
Q

What do exocrine glands have ?

A

Ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities

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14
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland ?

A

Salivary gland

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15
Q

What does homeostasis in animal rely on ?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What does negative feedback do ?

A

Helps to return a variable to a normal range

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17
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback ?

A
  1. Temperature regulation

2. Blood glucose regulation

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18
Q

What is positive feedback ?

A

Amplifies a stimulus and only contributes to homeostasis in animals in a small number of functions

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19
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback ?

A
  1. Childbirth
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Electrical impulses in nerves
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20
Q

What is feedforward ?

A

Anticipatory response to expected change

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21
Q

What are some examples of feedforward ?

A
  1. Increased heart rate in anticipation of exercise
  2. Increased secretion of insulin before food is digested to yield glucose
  3. Stimulation of gastric secretions due to thought/smell of food
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22
Q

What are hormones assembles into ?

A

Regulatory pathways

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23
Q

What integrates function of the endocrine system and the nervous system ?

A

The brain

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24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus ?

A

Coordinates electrical signaling

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25
How does the hypothalamus coordinate endocrine signaling ?
Receives information from the nerves throughout the body and initiates appropriate neuroendocrine signals
26
What is the pituitary gland composed of ?
1. Posterior pituitary | 2. Anterior pituitary
27
What is the function of the posterior pituitary ?
Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
28
What is the neural link also known as ?
Neurohypophysis
29
What is the function of the anterior pituitary ?
Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus
30
What type of link does the posterior pituitary have ?
Neural link
31
What type of link does the anterior pituitary have ?
Vascular link
32
What is the vascular link also known as ?
Adenohypophysis
33
What does the posterior pituitary secrete ?
ADH and oxytocin
34
Where does ADH act ?
Kidney tubules
35
Where does oxytocin act ?
Mammary glands and uterine muscles
36
What is secreted by the anterior pituitary ?
1. FSH and LH 2. TSH 3. ACTH 4. Prolactin 5. MSH 6. GH
37
Where do FSH and LH act ?
Testes or ovaries
38
Where does TSH act ?
Thyroid
39
Where does ACTH act ?
Adrenal cortex
40
Where does prolactin act on ?
Mammary glands
41
What does MSH act on ?
Melanocytes
42
What does GH act on ?
Liver, bones and other tissues
43
What hormones have tropic effects only ?
1. FSH and LH 2. TSH 3. ACTH
44
What hormones have non-tropic effects ?
1. Prolactin | 2. MSH
45
What hormone have both tropic and non-tropic effects ?
GH
46
What is the function of a tropic hormone ?
Causes secretion of another hormone
47
What happens when the thyroid hormone level drops in the blood ?
The hypothalamus secretes thryotopin releasing hormone (TRH)
48
What does the thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) cause ?
The anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
49
What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ?
Stimulates release of thyroid homes by the thyroid gland
50
What is the only non-iodine containing molecule synthesised in the body ?
Thyroid hormone
51
What causes goiter ?
Low levels of thyroid hormone due to insufficient iodine, even though the the pituitary continues to secrete TSH
52
Where are the adrenal glands located ?
On top of the kidneys
53
What does each adrenal gland consist of ?
Two glands, the adrenal medulla (inner) and the adrenal cortex (outer)
54
What is the function of the adrenal medulla ?
Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
55
What is the function of the adrenal cortex ?
Secretes corticosteroids
56
What are the two types of corticosteroids ?
1. Glucocorticoids | 2. Mineralocorticoids
57
What do glucocorticoids do ?
Influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
58
What is an example of a glucocorticoid ?
Cortisol
59
What is the function of the mineralocorticoids ?
Affect salt and water balance
60
What is an example of mineralocorticoids ?
Aldosterone
61
What is the function of adrenaline in the liver cell ?
Blood glucose level increases
62
What is the function of adrenaline in the smooth muscle cell in the wall of blood vessels that supplies skeletal muscle ?
Blood vessel dilates, increasing flow to skeletal muscle
63
What is the role of adrenaline in the smooth muscle cell in the wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines ?
Blood vessel constricts, decreasing flow to the intestines
64
What produces most of the sex hormones ?
1. Gonads 2. Testes 3. Ovaries
65
What are the sex hormones ?
1. Androgens 2. Estrogens 3. Progesterons
66
What do the testes primarily synthesis ?
Androgens, mainly testosterone
67
What is testosterone responsible for ?
1. Promotes development of male reproductive structures | 2. Male secondary sex characteristics
68
What is the oestrogen, most importantly oestradiol responsible for ?
1. Maintenance of the female reproductive system | 2. Development of female secondary sex characteristics
69
What is the function of progesterone ?
Preparing and maintaining the uterus for pregnancy
70
What is the synthesis of sex hormones controlled by ?
The gonadotropine
71
What are the gonadotropins ?
Follicle-stimulating and lutenising hormone from the anterior pituitary
72
What us gonadotropin secretion controlled by ?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
73
What are the pancreas ?
Endocrine cells - islets of langherhans
74
What is the pancreas the site of ?
Insulin synthesis and secretion
75
What type of hormone is insulin ?
Anabolic hormone
76
What is the primary stimulus for secretion of insulin ?
Increase in blood glucose concentration

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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