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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 21. Organogenesis > Flashcards

Lecture 21. Organogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation ?

A

A special type of organogenesis, where it sets cells aside and forms the entire nervous system

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2
Q

Where does the nervous system arise from ?

A

The ectoderm

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3
Q

Where does the somites and the heart arise from ?

A

The mesoderm

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4
Q

Where does the lungs arise from ?

A

The endoderm

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5
Q

What is organogenesis ?

A

The interaction of cells within and across the germ layers to form organ systems

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6
Q

What is organogenesis characterised by ?

A

Local interactions superimposed on the information laid down with the basic body plan, to allow definition and development of an organ

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7
Q

What does organogenesis involve ?

A

The interaction and rearrangement of cells to produce tissues and organs

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8
Q

How does neurulation begin ?

A

As cells from the dorsal mesoderm form the notochord

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9
Q

What causes the ectoderm to form the neural plate ?

A

Signalling molecules secreted by the notochord and other tissues

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10
Q

What processes cause the formation of the neural plate ?

A

Induction using sonic the hedgehog

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11
Q

What happens as the neural folds and fuse ?

A

The adjacent surface ectoderm fuses to enclose the neural tube which becomes the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What happens after the neural tube forms ?

A

Neural crest cells migrate away from the dorsal aspect of the tube to peripheral locations where they give rise to the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

What are neural crests cells formed by ?

A

Interactions between surface and neural ectoderm

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14
Q

How do neural crest cells form the peripheral nervous system ?

A

They migrate away from the dorsal midline as the neural folds fuse

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15
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of ?

A
  1. The sensory system and motor system

2. Autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

What is neurulation ?

A

Signalling from the notochord, using Shh which also influences the type of neuron that differentiates along the dorso-ventral axis

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17
Q

What is neurogenesis ?

A

The formation of the central nervous system

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18
Q

What is the choice of forming a neuron or glial cell specified by ?

A

Delta notch signalling pathway

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19
Q

What does the activation of delta notch pathway equal ?

A

Differentiation of neuron

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20
Q

What does the hox code act as ?

A

Operated to provide positional information along the anterior posterior axis of the central nervous system

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21
Q

What are somites ?

A

Mesoderms cells that form into blocks on either side of the neural tube

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22
Q

What type of structures are somites ?

A

Transitionary structures that later form muscle blocks of the body and limbs and the vertebrate of the back bone

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23
Q

Where does regionalisation of the mesoderm germ layer occur ?

A

From the center midline:

  1. Notochord
  2. Somites
  3. Intermediate mesoderm - kidney, gonads
  4. Lateral plate mesoderm
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24
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm split into ?

A

Splits into two divided by a coelom cavity

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25
Q

What is the coelom ?

A

Cavity into which mesodermal organs can grow

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26
Q

What is the dorsal lateral plate layer ?

A

Somatic mesoderm (that underlies the ectoderm and with the ectoderm forms the somatopleure)

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27
Q

What is the ventral lateral plate layer ?

A

Splanchic mesoderm (That overlies the endoderm and with the endoderm forms the splanchnopleure

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28
Q

What must the flat chick and mammalian embryo do to enclose the gut and form the tube within a tube structure ?

A

Must fold ventrally

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29
Q

How is the lateral plate mesoderm split in two ?

A

Somatic becomes outer body and splanchic

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30
Q

What is an example of organogenesis in the mesoderm ?

A

The developing heart and circulatory system

31
Q

What is the formation of the heart tube an example of ?

A

A process called mesenchyme to epithelial transition

32
Q

What is mesenchyme ?

A

A type of tissue organisation typified by loosely connected cells often derived from mesoderm

33
Q

What is an epithelium ?

A

A type of tissue organisation where cells adhere tightly together to form a sheet which can be single or multilayered

34
Q

How are epithelia separated from underlying tissue ?

A

By basal lamine of extracellular matrix

35
Q

What can epithelia be induced to form ?

A

Within the mesenchyme to give rise to tubes or tubules, sheets

36
Q

What do heart tubes form from ?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

37
Q

What does the mesoderm that surrounds the heart tube form ?

A

The myocardium

38
Q

What is the myocardium responsible for ?

A

Heart contraction

39
Q

How does the heart form in mammals ?

A
  1. Linear tube
  2. Looping then occurs
  3. Septation to divide ventricles and formation of valves
40
Q

What are the signaling molecules implicated in heart development ?

A
  1. BMPs

2. Wnts and noth

41
Q

What does BMP signalling control the expression of ?

A

Nkx2,5

42
Q

What is Nkx2.5

A

A transcriptional regulator needed for differentiation of cardiac muscle

43
Q

What is the first working units in the developing embryo ?

A

The circulatory system

44
Q

What develops concurrently with heart development ?

A

The circulatory network

45
Q

How are circulatory loops formed ?

A

Blood vessels form independently from the heart and link up with the heart

46
Q

What does a dual circulatory system connect ?

A

With the extra embryonic structure during development and another with the lungs after birth

47
Q

What are the steps of the circulatory system building ?

A
  1. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition

2. Extensive branching morphogenesis

48
Q

What do angioblasts assemble into ?

A

Main vessels

49
Q

What is angiogenesis ?

A

Elaboration of the vascular system by vessel branching and extension

50
Q

What is haematopoiesis ?

A

Blood cell formation

51
Q

Where do blood cells first form ?

A

In blood islands within the lateral plate mesoderm at the yolk sac

52
Q

Why are the formation of blood islands in the yolk sac are important ?

A

Blood cells formed here bring the first nutrients through the circulatory system

53
Q

What are the two phases of blood production ?

A
  1. The embyronic phase

2. Definitive phase

54
Q

What is the importance of the embryonic phase of blood development ?

A

It quickly supplies the embryo with blood so that circulation can be initiated

55
Q

What is the definitive phase of blood production ?

A

More cell types being produced

56
Q

Where does the blood production switch from at day 11 in the mouse ?

A

The yolk sac to the aorta-gonad mesonephros

57
Q

What do definitive blood cells do ?

A

They are distinguishable from embryonic cells and populate the liver

58
Q

What is the function of the liver ?

A

The major site of blood formation until birth

59
Q

What do cells from the liver populate ?

A

The bone marrow

60
Q

What does the bone marrow become ?

A

The site of blood cell production throughout life

61
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells called ?

A

Haematopoetic stem cells

62
Q

Where do haematopoetic stem cells reside and give rise to ?

A

They reside in the bone marrow and give rise to all different blood cell types

63
Q

What do blood cells derive from ?

A

Mulitpotent haemopoietic stem cells

64
Q

What do the multipotent haematopoietic stem cells give rise to ?

A

Two distinct multipotent progenitor cells called GATA+TF and Flt3

65
Q

What does the cardiovascular system have ?

A
  1. A muscular pump - heart
  2. A set of interconnecting vessels - vasculature
  3. A circulatory fluid - blood
66
Q

What is an example of an endodermal organ ?

A

Lung

67
Q

What does the endoderm produce ?

A

The digestive tract and the respiratory tract

68
Q

What do the lungs arise from ?

A

Budding outgrowths from the respiratory track

69
Q

What is a general characteristic of endodermal organs ?

A

Inductive interactions between epithelial endoderms and surrounding mesenchyme

70
Q

What is the predominate feature of lung formation ?

A

Branching

71
Q

What is branching about by ?

A

The interaction between FGF and Shh signaling

72
Q

Where is Fgf-10 expressed in and what can it induce?

A
  1. Chest mesenchyme

2. Branching in culture

73
Q

Where is Shh expressed and what is its function ?

A
  1. Epithelium

2. Limits outgrowth and encourages branching

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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