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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 37. Understanding Brain Function Through Pathology/Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 37. Understanding Brain Function Through Pathology/Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurodegenerative disorders ?

A

Diseases of brain degeneration

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2
Q

What are some examples of neurodegenerative disorders ?

A
  1. Alzheimers disease
  2. Parkinsons disease
  3. Huntingtons disease
  4. M.S
  5. ALS
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3
Q

What are psychiatric disorders ?

A

Disease of brain physiology

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4
Q

What are some examples of psychiatric disorders ?

A
  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Depression
  3. Bipolar disorder
  4. PTSD
  5. Addiction
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5
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders ?

A

Diseases of brain development

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6
Q

What are some examples of neurodevelopmental disorders ?

A
  1. Autism
  2. Intellectual disorders
  3. Lisencephaly
  4. Microcephaly
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7
Q

What are some causes of brain disorders ?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Infection
  3. Inflammation
  4. Trauma
  5. Stress
  6. Pharmacological causes
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8
Q

When do neurodegenerative disorders usually occur ?

A

Later in life

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9
Q

When do psychiatric disorders usually occur ?

A

Mainly after adolescence

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10
Q

When do neurodevelopmental disorders usually occur ?

A

Early life

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11
Q

How are brain disorders studied in humans ?

A
  1. Clinical profile
  2. Brain imaging
  3. Behavioral assessment
  4. Histology
  5. Cell culture
  6. Drug studies
  7. Controlled interventions
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12
Q

How are brain disorders studied in animals ?

A
  1. Genetic manipulation
  2. Detailed behavioral experimentation
  3. Physiology
  4. Drug studies
  5. Optogenetics
  6. Calcium imaging
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13
Q

What are some symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease ?

A

: loss of recent memory, forgetfulness (mild cognitive impairment,
MCI), transient periods of confusion, restlessness, word finding difficulty, spatial
disorientation, progressive deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions,
dementia. From MCI to marked dementia may take several year

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14
Q

What is the pathology of alzheimer’s disease ?

A
  1. Severely atrophied cerebral hemispheres and dilated ventricles
  2. Loss of neurons in selected brain regions
  3. Neurofibrillary tangles
  4. Amyloid plaques
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15
Q

What is alzheimer’s disease defined by ?

A

Brain deposition of numerous amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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16
Q

What do amyloid plaques consist of ?

A

Aggregates of proteolytic fragments of the natural amyloid precursor protein

17
Q

What are some genetic forms of alzheimers disease ?

A
  1. Heredity transmission

2. Mutations in APP protein

18
Q

What does mutant APP show ?

A

Inappropriate cleavage (more in A-beta than P3)

19
Q

What is found in higher amounts in alzheimer’s disease ?

A

Extra A-beta and PS1

20
Q

What is coordinated movement ?

A

Body movements that result in intended actions

21
Q

What are the two aspects of coordinated movement ?

A
  1. Kinematic aspect - direction of motion

2. Kinetic aspect - force of motion

22
Q

What is akinesia ?

A

Loss of ability to move your muscles voluntarily

23
Q

What is bradykinesia ?

A

Slow movement and an impaired ability to move the body swiftly on command

24
Q

What can parkinson’s disease caused by ?

A

Atrophy of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

25
Q

What pathology underlied parkinsons disease ?

A

Alpha synuclein

26
Q

What does alpha synuclein form ?

A

Lewy body like inclusions

27
Q

How can parkinsons disease be treated ?

A
  1. L-dopa
  2. Deep brain stimulation
  3. Stem cell therapies
  4. Optogenetics
28
Q

What are some symptoms of schizophrenia ?

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disordered speech
  4. Flattened effect
  5. Reduced speech
  6. Lack of initiative
29
Q

What is schizophrenia associated with ?

A

Abnormal metabolism of dopamine and serotonin

30
Q

What tends to cause intellectual disabilities ?

A

Deficits in Rho GTPase signaling cascades

31
Q

What is Rho GTPase signaling cascades necessary for ?

A

Dendritic spine formation and normal behavior

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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