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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 29. Overview of the Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 29. Overview of the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system ?

A
  1. Thymus

2. Bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic tissues ?

A

Spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, skin and liver

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3
Q

Where do B-cells develop ?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

Where do t-cells develop ?

A

Thymus

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5
Q

What do immune cells use to travel through the body ?

A

Lymphatic highway system

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6
Q

What are some strategic locations where immune cells may be stored ?

A
  1. Ln
  2. Tonsils
  3. Peyers patch
  4. Spleen
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7
Q

What are the phagocytes ?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Dendritic cells
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8
Q

What do innate leukocytes include ?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Basophils
  3. Natural killer cells
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9
Q

What is the function of innate leukocytes ?

A

Identify and eliminate pathogens and are important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system

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10
Q

What do natural killer cells go after ?

A

Tumor cells and viruses

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11
Q

What is the function of perforin ?

A

Perforates membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of granzyme ?

A

Degrades membranes

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13
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells ?

A

Inserts granzymes and perforin into the cells that destroy tem

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14
Q

What is the function of T-cells ?

A

Destroy foreign or damaged cells

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15
Q

What is the function of helper T-cells ?

A

Regulate the attack of foreign and damaged cells

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16
Q

What do killer T-cells do ?

A

Carry out the attack on the foreign or damaged cells

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17
Q

What do B-cells produce ?

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What are antibodies specific towards ?

A

One antigen

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19
Q

What is an antigen ?

A

A toxic or foreign substance

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20
Q

What happens when the antibody binds to the antigen ?

A

A signal for other cells and molecules of the immune systems to come and destroy the antigen

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21
Q

What is one of the key differences between the adaptive and innate immune system ?

A

Innate is rapid, the adaptive immune system takes longer to develop

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22
Q

How is an autoimmune disease caused ?

A

The body sees its own cells as foreign and attacks them

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23
Q

What are two examples of an immune over reaction ?

A
  1. Autoimmune problem

2. Allergic reaction

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24
Q

What are two examples of an immune under reaction ?

A
  1. Disease

2. Infection

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25
What is homeostatic inflammation used for ?
A protective response
26
What happens everyday to the cells of the villi ?
They shed and new ones are made by stem cells in the crypts
27
What are some results if the immune system in the gut goes wrong ?
1. Ulcerative colitis 2. Crohns disease 3. Coeliac disease 4. Food allergy 5. Colorectal cancer
28
How are RNA viruses recognised ?
Via nucleic acid detection
29
What do RNA viruses drive ?
Interferons
30
What type of RNAs are innate immune responses most reliant on the detection of ?
dsRNA
31
What type of virus is covid ?
Positive sense single stranded RNA
32
What type of RNA does covid generate ?
Double stranded RNA
33
How does covid replicate ?
The replication of the positive sense ssRNA genome proceeds through double stranded RNA intermediates,
34
What is the purpose of covid replication in membranous invaginations ?
Avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA
35
What is the function of oligo adenylate synthase ?
Activates RNAase L
36
What is the function of RNAase-L ?
Degrade cytoplasmic RNA
37
What do RNA viruses try to subvert ?
Recognition via nucleic acid detection
38
What does CoV mediated antagonism of innate immunity begin with ?
The evasion of PRR sensing
39
What do ssRNA form during replication ?
dsRNA intermediates
40
What can dsRNA be detected by in the endosome ?
TLR3
41
What can dsRNA be detected by in the cytosol ?
1. RIG-I 2. MDA5 3. PKR
42
What can ssRNA be detected by ?
1. TLR7 2. TLR8 3. RIG-I 4. PKR
43
How can CoVs avoid PRR activation ?
1. Avoiding recognition | 2. Antagonising PRR action
44
How do dsRNAs evade PRR ?
dsRNA is shielded by membrane bound compartments that form during viral replication of SARSCoV-1
45
What is the structure of viral RNA ?
Guanosine-capped and methylated at the 50 end by CoVs nonstructural proteins 10, 13, 14 and
46
What does the structure of viral RNAs help ?
Look more like self RNA
47
What helps dsRNA avoid detection by MDA5 ?
An endonuclease that cleaves off poly uridine
48
What is hypoxemia ?
Not enough oxygen in the circulating blood cells
49
How does cancer occur ?
When a normal cell goes out of control dividing and these cells express stress markers or produce antigens that normal cells dont produce
50
What are activatory receptors ?
Stress markers which become activated to kill
51
What is the function of an activatory receptor ?
How immune cells particularly innate immune cells kill
52
What does a T-cell need to kill ?
Two signals
53
What is the function of the first signal of the T-cell ?
Alert the immune cells
54
What is the function of the second signal in T-cells ?
A costimulatory molecule which gives a boost to activate the T-cell
55
What is the most important costimulatory signal for a T-cell ?
CD28
56
What does CD28 do ?
Binds to B7 on the presenting cell
57
What do immune cells also have ?
Inhibitory receptors
58
What are inhibitory receptors critical for ?
Autoimmunity
59
What are two examples of inhibitory receptors ?
1. PD1 | 2. CTLA
60
What is CTLA4 ?
A checkpoint that binds B7 - in competition with CD28
61
What does PD bind to ?
PDL
62
How does cancer hijack the immune system ?
Cancer cells put the receptors for these checkpoints in their surface which inhibits immune response
63
What does ipilimumab do ?
An antibody which blocks CTLA4
64
How does the immune system respond to fat ?
Inflammatory response
65
What happens when fat cells store excess fat ?
They burst and release lipids into the body which is toxic to cells
66
What is the function of macrophages and fat ?
Engulf the lipids to try clean up and produce cytokines to helpp
67
What is a characteristic of obesity ?
Inflammation in the dat tissue
68
What can TNF do ?
Activate JNK signaling
69
What does the activation of JNK signaling pathway do ?
Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and leads to insulin resistance
70
What is the immune system in fat doing in healthy lean people ?
Constantly fighting disorder to maintain homeostasis
71
What is lean adipose tissue full of ?
Innate T-cells
72
What are ab T -cells ?
They are CD4 or CD8 positive and recognise antigens presented in the context of MHC
73
What is special about innate T-cells in fats ?
They recognise lipids
74
What are iNKT cells rich in ?
Adipose tissue
75
What is one of the things that iNKT cells do ?
Produce anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10
76
What activates iNKT cells ?
Alpha GalCer
77
What are iNKT important for ?
Thermogenesis
78
What are microglia ?
Macrophage like cells
79
What is alzheimers sensed by ?
Microglia
80
Are the brain and the immune system in constant communication ?
Yes
81
What are the meninges of the brain packed with ?
Immune cells

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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