Lecture 36. Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a spinal reflex ?

A

Knee jerk

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of the sensory motor system ?

A
  1. Cortical area
  2. Sub-cortical area
  3. Muscles
  4. Receptors
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3
Q

What is in the cortical area ?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex M1
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Supplementary motor area
  4. S-1 and S-22
  5. PPC
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4
Q

What are the sub-cortical areas ?

A
  1. Cerebellum

2. Basal Ganglia

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5
Q

What is a key piece of information about descending motor pathways ?

A

There are multiple descending motor pathways that may or may not cross over each other

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6
Q

What is the connectome ?

A

Neural connectivity to understand complex brain function

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7
Q

How does a worm move ?

A

Via a sequence of muscle contractions

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8
Q

In the C. Elegans, how many motor neurons are there and how many muscle cells do they control?

A

There are 75 motor neurons controlling 95 muscle cells

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9
Q

What do muscle cells receive activity from ?

A

One excitatory and one inhibitory neuron which are activated in turn

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10
Q

How does the C. Elegans generate its bend and oscillatory activity ?

A

Feedback from the body

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11
Q

How does the feedback from the C. Elegans cause the worm to bend ?

A

Excitation of motor neurons will cause muscle contraction as the body bends, sensors detect the force and inhibit motor neurons

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12
Q

What are central pattern generators ?

A

Neuronal circuits that generate periodic motor commands for rhythmic motions

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13
Q

When do central pattern generators occurs ?

A

Shaped by sensory input, but can occur in the absence of sensory feedback

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14
Q

What is an example of a model system for understanding central pattern generators ?

A

Hirudo medicinalis

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15
Q

What does the hirudo medicinalis have that makes it a good model for understanding central pattern generators ?

A
  1. Accessible nervous system
  2. A repetitive behavior
  3. Easy elicited behavior
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16
Q

What are command neurons ?

A

Neural decision making cells

17
Q

What happens when command neurons are stimulated ?

A

The neurons evoked a movement, the pattern of which was not coded in their sequence of spikes

18
Q

In the mouse, what is responsible for stopping locomotion ?

A

Brainstem neurons

19
Q

How do neurons stop locomotion ?

A

The command neurons command the rhythmic neural circuits (central pattern generators) to stop locomotion

20
Q

What is motor prediction ?

A

The ability of the central nervous system to anticipate the consequences of action

21
Q

What is motor prediction critical for ?

A

Control of voluntary action

22
Q

What area is responsible for monkey see, monkey do ?

A

Ventral pre-motor area F5

23
Q

What areas are involved in action observation ?

A
  1. Superior temporal sulcus
  2. Intraparietal sulcus
  3. Inferior ramus of the arcuate sulcus
24
Q

What are involved in action observation ?

A

Mirror neurons

25
Q

What does action observation aid ?

A

Social organisation