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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 28. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertension > Flashcards

Lecture 28. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertension Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

How does blood flow ?

A

From areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

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2
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

Force exerted in all directions

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3
Q

What plays a role in maintaining blood pressure ?

A

The recoil of arterial walls

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4
Q

What dissipates much of pressure ?

A

The resistance of blood flow in the narrow diameters of tiny capillaries and arterioles

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5
Q

What is systolic pressure ?

A

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole

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6
Q

What is the highest pressure in the arteries ?

A

Systolic pressure

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7
Q

What is pulse ?

A

Rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

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8
Q

What is diastolic pressure ?

A

The pressure in the arterioles during diastole, it is lower than systolic pressure

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9
Q

What is formula to measure flow ?

A

Flow = Pressure gradient/Resistance

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10
Q

What creates a pressure gradient for blood flow ?

A

Heart

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11
Q

What is the formula for resistance ?

A

Resistance = (Length x Viscosity)/ Radius ^4

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12
Q

What are the most important resistance vessel ?

A

Arterioles

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13
Q

How do homeostatic mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure ?

A

By altering the diameter of arterioles (vasoactivity)

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14
Q

What is vasoconstriction ?

A

The contraction of smooth muscle in the arteriole walls increasing blood pressure

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15
Q

What is vasodilation ?

A

The relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles, causing blood pressure to fall

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16
Q

What is a major inducer of vasodilation ?

A

Nitric oxide

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17
Q

What is an inducer of vasoconstriction ?

A

The peptide endothelin

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18
Q

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation often coupled to ?

A

Changes in cardiac output that affect blood pressure

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19
Q

What is vasoactivity influenced by ?

A
  1. Autonomic nerves
  2. Hormones
  3. Metabolism
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20
Q

Where is blood pressure measured from ?

A

The artery in the arm at the same height as the heart

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21
Q

What is the recommended blood pressure for a healthy young adult ?

A

At rest should be less than 120mm HG at systole and 70 mm Hg at diastole

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22
Q

What has a significant effect on blood pressure ?

A

Gravity

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23
Q

What is fainting cause by ?

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A

Inadequate blood flow to the head

24
Q

Where is blood pressure low ?

25
What is the return of blood enhanced by ?
Contraction of smooth muscle in vein walls and skeletal muscle contraction
26
What is the formula of cardiac output ?
Cardiac output = Mean arterial pressure/ total peripheral resistance
27
What is total peripheral resistance ?
The combined resistance of all blood vessels
28
What is mean arterial pressure regulated by ?
HR, SV, TPR
29
What is mean arterial pressure regulated by in the short term ?
1. Baroreceptor reflex
30
What is mean arterial pressure regulated by in the long term ?
Regulation of blood volume
31
What happens to blood pressure in the parasympathetic division ?
Blood pressure decreases
32
What happens to blood pressure in the sympathetic division ?
Blood pressure increases
33
What are barorecptors ?
Specialised nerve endings that respond to stretch of vessel wall - indirect response to changes in blood pressure
34
Where are baroreceptors found ?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
35
What are the two types of baroreceptors ?
1. Type A | 2. Type C
36
What are type A baroreceptors ?
1. Myelinated 2. Low pressure (30-90mmHg) 3. Important at rest
37
What are type C baroreceptors ?
1. Unmyelinated 2. High pressure (70-140mmHg) 3. Increasingly active at higher pressures
38
Where does baroreceptor input go ?
Nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla
39
Where does the baroreceptor output from nucleus tractus solitarius go ?
1. Parasympathetic nervous system 2. Sympathetic nervous system 3. Hypothalamus and amygdala
40
What does the output from nucleus tractus solitarius to the the parasympathetic nervous system travel via ?
Nucleus ambiguous
41
What does the output from the nucleus tractus solitarius to parasympathetic nervous system do ?
Cardiac control - limits heart rate
42
What does output from the nucleus tractus solitarius to the sympathetic nervous system do ?
Cardiac and blood vessel control
43
What does output from nucleus tractus solitarius to hypothalamus an amygdala ?
Allows theses areas to override the baroreceptor reflex during stress. This allows a stress associated increase in blood pressure to occur
44
What does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do ?
Regulates sodium ion and as a result water
45
What does a drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus cause ?
The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney to release the enzyme renin
46
What does renin trigger ?
The formation of the peptide angiotensis II
47
What is the function of angiotensin II ?
1. Raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys 2. Stimulates release of the hormone aldosterone
48
What is the function of the hormone aldosterone ?
Increases blood volume and pressure
49
What are the factors affecting blood pressure ?
1. Diet 2. Smoking 3. Obesity and type II diabetes 4. Stress 5. Low activity 6. Age 7. Sex 8. Genes
50
What is the strategy when treating hypertension ?
Reduce blood volume and reduce cardiac output
51
What do thiazide diuretics do ?
Inhibit Na/K/Cl exchange in the distal renal tubule
52
What is the function of B-blockers ?
Reduce heart rate and contractility
53
What is the function of alpha-blockers ?
Reduce sympathetic tone, dilate arteriolar smooth muscle
54
What is the function of the mixed alpha and beta blocker: L-type Ca channel blocker ?
Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle - reduced resistance
55
What is the function of ACE inhibitors ?
Diuretic actions - inhibit aldosterone formation

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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