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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 30. Digestion and Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 30. Digestion and Metabolism Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What are essential nutrients ?

A

Requires materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

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2
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrients ?

A
  1. Essential amino acids
  2. Essential fatty acids
  3. Vitamins
  4. Minerals
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3
Q

What is an essential precursor for phospholipids and prostaglandins ?

A

Linoleic acid converted by the enzyme fatty acid desaturase to y-linoleic acid

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4
Q

What is digestion ?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion ?

A

Chewing or grinding increases the surface area of food

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion ?

A

Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes that are used to build larger molecules

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7
Q

In chemical digestion, what splits bonds with the addition of water ?

A

Enzyme hydrolysis

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8
Q

What forms the mammalian digestive system ?

A

Organs specialised for sequential stages of food processing

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9
Q

What is the function of accessory glands ?

A

Secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal

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10
Q

What are the mammalian accessory glands ?

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
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11
Q

Where does food processing begin ?

A

The oral cavity

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12
Q

What is saliva ?

A

Exocrine secretion from the salivary glands

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13
Q

What does saliva contain ?

A

Mucose

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14
Q

What is saliva mucous ?

A

A viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, amylase and glycoproteins

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15
Q

What is the function of the tongue ?

A

Shapes food into a bolus and help with swallowing

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16
Q

What does the esophagus do ?

A

Connects to the stomach

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17
Q

Where does the trachea lead to ?

A

The lungs

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18
Q

What does swallowing do ?

A

Causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea

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19
Q

What is the bolus guided by ?

A

The larnyx

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20
Q

Where is the larynx ?

A

The upper part of the respiratory tract

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21
Q

When does coughing occur ?

A

When the swallowing reflex fails and food/liquid reaches the trachea

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22
Q

How is food moved from the pharynx to the stomach ?

A

Peristalsis

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23
Q

What is peristalsis ?

A

The rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal

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24
Q

Where does peristalsis occur through ?

A

Small and large intestine

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25
What helps to regulate the movement of material between compartments ?
Valves called sphincers
26
What is the function of the stomach ?
Stores food and processes it into a liquid by mechanical churning and chemical secretions
27
What is chyme ?
The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice
28
What is the pH of gastric juice ?
2.2
29
What is the purpose of the low pH of gastric juice ?
Kills bacteria and denatures protein
30
What is gastric juice made up of ?
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
31
What secretes hydrogen and chloride ions ?
Parietal cells
32
Where do paretial cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately to ?
The lumen of the stomach
33
What secretes inactive pepsinogen ?
Chief cells
34
When is pepsinogen activated to pepsin ?
When mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
35
What is the function of mucous in the stomach ?
Protects the stomach lining from gastric juices
36
What does cell division do to the epithelial layer ?
Adds a new epithelial layer every three days
37
What are gastric ulcers caused mainly by ?
Heliobacter pylori
38
How is gastric juice produced ?
1. Pepsinogen and HCl introduced into lumen 2. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin 3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen, starting a chain reaction
39
What is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal ?
The small intestine
40
Where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occur ?
The small intestine
41
What is the first portion of the small intestine called ?
The duodenum
42
What happens in the duodenum ?
Chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and the small intestine itself
43
What does the pancreas do ?
Produces the protease trypsin and chymotrypsin
44
Where are trypsin and chemotrypsin activated ?
Lumen of the duodenum
45
What is the solution of the duodenum and what is its function ?
Alkaline which neutralises the acidic chyme
46
What is the function of bile salts ?
Facilitate digestion of fats
47
What are bile salts a major component of ?
Bile
48
Where is bile made ?
Liver
49
Where is bile stored ?
Gallblader
50
What does bule destroy ?
Non functional red blood cells
51
How does the small intestine have a huge surface area ?
Due to villi and microvilli exposed in the intestinal lumen
52
What does the enormous microvillar surface create ?
A border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption
53
What can transport across the epithelial cells be ?
Passive or active depending on the nutrient
54
Where is most of the water we ingest absorbed ?
In the small intestine via osmosis
55
What is the hepatic portal veins function ?
Carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart and onwards to all organs
56
What does the liver do ?
1. Regulates nutrient distribution 2. Interconverts many organic molecules 3. Detoxifies many organic molecules
57
What is the function of epithelial cells ?
Absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombine them into triglycerides
58
What are triglycerides coated with ?
Phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
59
What do triglycerides form ?
Water soluble chylomicrons
60
Where are chylomicrons transported into ?
A lacteal
61
What is a lacteal ?
A lymphatic vessel in each villus
62
What is the function of lymphatic vessels ?
Deliver chylomicrons containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart
63
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides down to fatty acids and monoglycerides ?
Lipase
64
What does the alimentary canal end with ?
The large intestine
65
What does the large intestine include ?
1. Colon 2. Caecum 3. Rectum
66
What does the colon lead to ?
The rectum and anus
67
What is the function of the caecum ?
1. Fermentation of plant material | 2. Connects where the small and large intestines meet
68
What is the extension of the human caecum called ?
Appendix
69
What does the colon complete ?
The recovery of water that begins in the small intestine
70
What is the waste of the digestive system ?
Feces
71
What happens to feces as they move through the colon ?
They become more solid
72
Where are feces stored ?
In the rectum
73
What controls bowel movement ?
The two sphincters between the rectum and anus
74
What is the digestive system regulated by ?
1. Nervous system | 2. Endocrine system
75
What does the nervous system control in digestion ?
Control of salivary secretion
76
What does the endocrine system control in digestion ?
Gastrin, CCK, secretin
77
What happens in the absorptive state ?
1. Fed state 2. Glucose is plentiful and serves as a major energy source 3. Insulin is major hormone of absorptive state
78
What happens in the postabsorptive state ?
1. Fasting state 2. Endogenous energy stores are mobilised to provide energy 3. Glucagon is major hormone of postabsorptive state
79
What is central to maintaining metabolic balance ?
Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen
80
What regulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose ?
Insulin and glucagon
81
What is the site for glucose homeostasis ?
The liver
82
What can brain cells do that others cannot ?
They can take up glucose whether or not insulin is present
83
Where are glucagon and insulin produced ?
Islets of the pancreas
84
What makes glucagon ?
Alpha cells
85
What makes insulin ?
Beta cells
86
What is the central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS ?
A chronic state of inflammation
87
Where is ghrelin secreted from ?
The stomach wall
88
What is the function of ghrelin ?
Triggers feelings of hunger before meals
89
What suppresses hormones ?
Insulin and PYY
90
Where is PYY secreted from ?
Small intestine
91
Where is leptin produced from ?
Adipose tissue
92
What is the function of adipose tissue ?
Suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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