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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 35. Nociception and Pain > Flashcards

Lecture 35. Nociception and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1979 IASP definition of pain developed by Harold Merskey ?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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2
Q

What is the new IASP definition of pain ?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage

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3
Q

What can pain be influenced by ?

A

Biological, psychological and social factors

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4
Q

Does everyone feel pain the same ?

A

No it is personal

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5
Q

What are pain and nociception ?

A

Different phenomena

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6
Q

What can pain not be inferred solely by ?

A

Activity in sensory neurons

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7
Q

How can individuals learn the concept of pain ?

A

Through their life experience

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8
Q

What does the inability to communicate not negate ?

A

The possibility that human or non human experiences pain

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9
Q

What animal is often used as a model system to understand nociception ?

A

Apylsia Californica

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10
Q

What is acute pain essential for ?

A

Avoidance of injury

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11
Q

What is an avoidance tactic of acute pain ?

A

Withdrawal reflex

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12
Q

What is chronic pain ?

A

Pain that lasts 3-6 months after initial injury

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13
Q

What is chronic pain not beneficial for ?

A

Survival

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14
Q

What may chronic pain be associated with ?

A

Cortical plasticity

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15
Q

What does the nociceptor contain ?

A

Free nerve endings

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16
Q

What detects pain ?

A

The free nerve endings of the nociceptors

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17
Q

What are the types of fibres in the free nerve endings ?

A
  1. C fibres
  2. A delta fibres
  3. A beta fibres
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18
Q

Where do C fibres terminate ?

A

Laminae I and Laminae II

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19
Q

What is laminae II also known as ?

A

The substantia gelatinosa

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20
Q

What does the substantia gelatinosa do ?

A

Modulates sensory input

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21
Q

What are the afferent or sensory nerves ?

A
  1. Ia (A alpha)
  2. Ib (A alpha)
  3. II (A beta)
  4. III (A delta)
  5. IV (C)
22
Q

Where is Ia found ?

A

Muscle spindle, primary endings

23
Q

Where is Ib found ?

A

Golgi tendon organ

24
Q

Where is II found ?

A

Muscle spindle, secondary endings

25
Q

Where is III found ?

A

Muscle deep pressure endings

26
Q

Where is IV found ?

A

Nociceptors (pain)

27
Q

What are the efferent or motor ?

A
  1. A alpha
  2. A beta
  3. A gamma
28
Q

Where is the A alpha found ?

A

Skeletal muscles

29
Q

Where is A beta found ?

A

Muscles and spindles

30
Q

Where is A gamma found ?

A

Muscle spindle

31
Q

What does the peripheral immune system work with to protect the body ?

A

Immune system

32
Q

What are the danger signal receptors ?

A
  1. TRP channels
  2. P2X channels
  3. Danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP)
33
Q

What are transient receptive proteins (TRP) used for ?

A

Molecular mediators of nociception

34
Q

What are the pain pathways ?

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract
  2. Spinoparabrachial tract
  3. Spinoreticular tract
  4. Spinomesencephalic tract
35
Q

What are unmyelinated C fibres and small diameter A delta stimulated by ?

A

Injury

36
Q

What do C fibres and small diameter A delta do when stimulated by injury ?

A

Convey impulses to transmission cells in the spinal cord

37
Q

What do transmission cells receive input from ?

A

Large A beta fibres

38
Q

What do transmission cells receive inhibition from ?

A

Interneurons

39
Q

What influences inhibitory interneurons ?

A

Descending pathways

40
Q

What do large diameter and small diameter fibres project to in the gate theory

A

The substantia gelatinosa and the first central transmission cells

41
Q

What is inhibition from the substantia gelatinosa onto the afferent fibre terminals increased and decreased by ?

A
  1. Increased by L fibre activity

2. Decreased by S fibre activity

42
Q

What is the brain region involved in nocebo responses ?

A

Hippocampus

43
Q

What does direct electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey in a rodent produce ?

A

Analgesia

44
Q

What is analgesia ?

A

Pain relief

45
Q

What periaqueductal grey block ?

A

The nociceptor response

46
Q

What are the critical components of descending pain modulation ?

A
  1. Periaqueductal grey

2. Rostroventral medulla

47
Q

What does the periaqueductal grey coordinate ?

A

The defensive response to threat

48
Q

What are some interventional treatments for neuropathic pain ?

A
  1. Spinal cord stimulation
  2. Cortical stimulation
  3. Deep brain stimulation
  4. Intrathecal drug delivery
49
Q

What are the main component of phantom limb pain ?

A

Central changes

50
Q

What is there some evidence for regarding phantom limb pain ?

A

Peripheral changes

51
Q

In the brain what alters in amputees with chronic pain ?

A

Cortical representation

52
Q

What is a possible therapy for phantom limb pain ?

A

Mirror therapy

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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