Lecture 6, 7, 8, 9 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What are the key bones in the neck?
A
- Manubrium
- Clavicle
- Scapula
2
Q
Explain the Manubrium
A
Forms superior part of the sternum and the sternoclavicular joint
3
Q
Explain the Clavicle
A
Connects the sternum to the upper arm via the scapula
4
Q
Explain the scapula
A
- On posterior chest wall
- Provides attachment to posterior neck muscles
5
Q
How many Cervical Vertebrae are there?
A
7 (C1-C7)
6
Q
What is the C1 Vertebrae called?
A
Atlas
7
Q
What is the C2 Vertebrae called?
A
Axis
8
Q
Describe the C1 vertebrae
A
- Has no spinous process or body
- Consists of two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches
- Concave superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
9
Q
Describe the C2 vertebrae
A
Distinguishing feature are the dens which projects superiorly from the body
10
Q
Describe the Transverse Processes
A
- Transverse foramina (small or absent in C7 since its not functional)
- Vertebral arteries and accompanying veins pass through, except in C7
- Anterior and posterior tubercles
11
Q
What are the 2 Craniovertebral Joints?
A
- Atlanto-occipital (between skull and atlas)
- Atlantoaxial (between atlas and axis)
12
Q
What are the Main differences between the Craniovertebral Joints and other joints in vertebral column?
A
1) Only synovial and no intervetebral discs
2) No zygopophyseal (facet) joints
13
Q
Describe the Hyoid Bone
A
- Located opposite C3
- Has 2 greater horns and 2 lesser horns
- Critical bone for swallowing
14
Q
What are the 2 cartilages of the neck?
A
1) Thyroid Cartilage
2) Cricoid Cartilage
15
Q
Where does the Thyroid Cartilage start?
A
C4 and forms the Larynx
16
Q
Where does the Cricoid Cartilage start?
A
C6 and helps to form the Larynx
17
Q
What are the functions of the Cartilages of the Neck?
A
Passageway for air to/from lungs
18
Q
What are the Superficial Muscles of the Neck?
A
1) Platysma
2) Sternocleidomastoid
3) Trapezius
19
Q
What is the function of the Platsyma?
A
- Depresses mandible
- Tightens skin of the neck
20
Q
What is the Nerve supply to the Platysma?
A
Facial nerve
21
Q
What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid?
A
- Together: pulls head forward
- Individually: turns the face to opposite side and is tilted
- Respiration: Raises the sternum when breathing forcefully
22
Q
What is the Nerve supply to the Sternocleidomastoid?
A
Accessory nerve
23
Q
What is the function of the Trapezius?
A
- Controls position of scapula to enable arm movements
- When the scapula is fixed, it extends the head
24
Q
What is the Nerve supply to the Trapezius?
A
Accessory nerve
25
What are the 4 Strap Muscles?
1) Sternohyoid
2) Sternothyroid
3) Thyrohyoid
4) Omohyoid
26
What are the functions of the Strap Muscles?
- **Depresses hyoid bone** & **larynx** during **swallowing** and **speech**
- **Contracts** and **fixes hyoid** so that **suprahyoid muscles** can **pull** the **mandible down** to **open the jaw**
27
What is the Nerve Supply to the Strap Muscles?
Cervical plexus (C1-C4)
28
What are the Suprahyoid Muscles?
1) Mylohyoid muscle
2) Geniohyoid muscle
3) Stylohyoid muscle
29
What are the Lateral Vertebral Muscles?
Scalene Muscles
(Anterior, Middle and Posterior)
30
Where does the Anterior Scalene Muscle attach to?
To the anterior aspect of 1st rib
31
Where does the Middle Scalene Muscle attach to?
To the posterior aspect of 1st rib
32
Where does the Posterior Scalene Muscle attach to?
To the 2nd rib
33
What is the function of the Scalene Muscles?
- Laterally flexes neck
- Elevates the ribs during inspiration
34
What is the Nerve supply to the Scalene Muscles?
Cervical spinal nerves
35
What Nerve is found by the Scalene Muscles?
Phrenic Nerve
36
What are the Bellies of the Digastric Muscle?
1) Anterior Belly
2) Posterior Belly
37
Describe the Anterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle
**Connected** to the **hyoid bone** by a **fibrous loop**
38
What is the Nerve supply to the Anterior Belly?
Trigeminal- Mandibular Division (V3)
39
What is the Nerve supply to the Posterior Belly?
Facial Nerve
40
What are the functions of the Digastric Bellies?
- If the **hyoid** is **fixed**, it **depresses** the **mandible**
- If the **mandible** is **fixed**, it **elevates** the **hyoid**
41
What are the Triangles of the Neck?
1) Posterior
2) Anterior
3) Carotid
42
What are the layers of Deep Cervical Fascia?
1) Investing Layer
2) Pretracheal Facia
3) Prevertebral Facia
43
List the important structures found in the Carotid Sheath
1) Common carotid artery
2) Internal jugular vein
3) Vagus nerve
44
List the 6 branches of the External Carotid Artery
1) Superior Thyroid Artery
2) Lingual Artery
3) Facial Artery
4) Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
5) Occipital Artery
6) Posterior Auricular Artery
45
What does the Superior Thyroid Artery supply?
- Larynx
- Infrahyoid muscles
- Thyroid gland
46
What branches does the External Carotid Artery terminate into?
- Maxillary artery
- Superficial temporal artery
47
What is the role of the Lymphatic system?
- Drains excess fluid from tissues via lymph ducts
- Has major role in defence of the body via lymph nodes
48
What are the 2 groups of the Lymph Nodes?
1) Circular chain of nodes
2) Superficial and deep cervical chains of nodes
49
What is the Circular chain of nodes?
Nodes around the base of
the skull and face
50
List the nodes in the Circular Chain of nodes
- Occipital nodes
- Retorauricular nodes
- Parotid nodes
- Buccal nodes
- Submandibular nodes
- Submental nodes
51
Where are the Superficial and deep cervical chains of nodes located?
Along the **External jugular vein**
52
Where are all of the lymph from head and neck drained into?
The deep cervical lymph nodes
53
Where are the Deep Cervical Nodes located?
Along the **IJV**, **deep** to the **Sternocleidomastoid** muscle
54
What are the 2 Deep Cervical Nodes?
1) Jugulodigastric node
2) Juguloomohyoid node
55
What are the major Lymph Ducts in the head and neck?
Right and Left jugular trunks
- They drain lymph from the deep nodes
56
Where does the Right Jugular Trunk drain into?
Right lymphatic duct
57
Where does the Left Jugular Trunk drain into?
Thoracic Duct
58
List the veins in the neck
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1) Retromandibular Vein
2) External Jugular Vein
3) Facial Vein
4) Anterior Jugular Vein
5) Internal Jugular Vein
59
How is the Retromandibular Vein formed?
By **union** of the **superficial temporal vein** and the **maxillary vein**
60
Where is the Retromandibular Vein?
Posterior to the mandible and descends through parotid gland
61
What does the Retromandibular Vein divide into?
**Anterior and posterior divisions** at the **inferior border** of the **parotid gland**
62
How is the External Jugular Vein formed?
By **union** of **Posterior division** of **Retromandibular Vein** & **Posterior Auricular Vein**
63
Where is the External Jugular Vein?
Descends **Superficial** to **Sternocleidomastoid**
64
Where does the External Jugular Vein drain into?
Subclavian Vein
65
Where is the Facial Vein?
Descends obliquely across the face from medial eye to lower border of the mandible
- Then descends superficial to submandibular gland
66
How is the Internal Jugular Vein formed?
Formed at the Jugular Foramen
67
What happens to the IJV at the lower neck?
**Joins** with **Subclavian Vein** to **form** the **Brachiocephalic Vein**
68
List the Tributaries of the IJV
1) Inferior petrosal sinus
2) Pharyngeal veins
3) Facial vein
4) Lingual veins
5) Thyroid veins
69
What are the Cranial Nerves coursing through the neck?
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XI
- CN XII
70
Where are the Cranial Nerves in the neck located?
- Internal Carotid Artery
- Internal Jugular Vein
71
What does CN IX in the neck supply?
Runs anteriorly to supply **Tongue & Pharynx**
72
What does CN X in the neck supply?
Descends in the carotid sheath to supply **Thorax**
73
What does CN XI in the neck supply?
Descends posteriorly to supply **Sternocleidomastoid** &
**Trapezius**
74
What does CN XII in the neck supply?
Descends anteriorly, lateral to ECA to supply the **Tongue**
75
What does the Ventral rami of C1-C4 form?
Cervical plexus
76
What is the function of the Cervical Plexus?
- **Cutaneous branches supply sensory** to the **neck** and **lateral** part of the **face**
- **Deep branches supply motor** to **strap muscles**
77
C3 C4 C5 keep the ....
Diaphragm alive!
78
What is the Phrenic nerve formed by?
Mainly C4 with contributions from C3 & C5 ventral rami
79
What forms the Brachial Plexus?
Ventral rami of C5-T1
80
What is the function of the Brachial Plexus?
Supplies the upper limb
81
What is the function of the 4 Parathyroid glands on the Posterior side of the Thyroid gland?
Calcium metabolism
82
Where does the Arterial Supply of the Thyroid gland come from?
Via the **superior and inferior thyroid
arteries**
83
Where is the Venous Drainage of the Thyroid gland?
Via the superior, middle and
inferior thyroid veins
84
What is the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves?
Branches of the vagus nerve
85
What structure is found anterior to the anterior scalene muscle?
Subclavian vein
86
What structure is found between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
- Subclavian artery
- Brachial plexus
87
Where does the Posterior Triangle lie between?
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
- Clavicle
88
List the major features of the Posterior Triangle
- Occipital artery
- Brachial Plexus
- Accessory nerve
- Sensory branches of the cervical plexus
89
Where does the Carotid Triangle lie between?
- Posterior belly of Digastric
- Superior belly of Omohyoid
- Sternocleidomastoid
90
List the major features of the Carotid Triangle
- Common carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
