Lecture 6. Joints

Question 1

What are the 2 ways that joints can be classified?

Answer 1

1. functional (think of mobility)

2. anatomical

Question 2

What are the categories according to the functional classification

Answer 2

1. synarthrosis: very little movement
2. amphiarthrosis: semi-movable
3. diarthrosis : most mobile ( eg. shoulder joints)

Question 3

What is an example of a synarthrosis joint

Answer 3

joints of the bones of the skull ( except mandible)

Question 4

What are the classifications under anatomical categorization of joints

Answer 4

1. solid joints ( bones are joined together either by fibrous tissue or cartilage) * depends on what type of tissue holding the bones together
   - fibrous joint (by dense connective tissue)
   - cartilaginous joint
2. synovial joint (bones have a gap between each other)
   - monoaxial- bones move in only 1 plane
   - biaxial- bones move in only 2 plane (eg. wrist, knee )
   - multi-axial- bones move in only 3 plane
   - non-axial- gliding movement

Question 5

What is unique about solid joints?

Answer 5

There are no spaces between the bones( the CT/cartilage ). bones touch each other

Question 6

Describe synovial joints

Answer 6

There is a gap between the bones, presence of a cavity. bones may touch but are not attached

Question 7

What are the sub-categories of solid joints.

Answer 7

1. fibrous joint

2. cartilaginous joint

Question 8

Give 3 examples of fibrous tissues

Answer 8

1. suture: joints formed between bones of the skull with the sutures ( coronoid and lambdiod sutures): dense CT tissue hold bones together
2. syndesmosis: dense CT forms ligament to hold joints together ( eh. fibula and tibia)
3. gomphosis: name of the joint between the upper and lower jaw bones (periodontal cavity)

Question 9

How are cartilaginous joints that are present? Give examples

Answer 9

1. synchrondroses: bones are attached by hyaline cartilage only
2. symphyses: bones attached only by fibrous cartilage

Question 10

Which cartilage can be used in cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

hyaline and fibrous cartilage only, elastic cartilage cannot be used

Question 11

Give 2 examples of synchondroses joints

Answer 11

1. epiphyseal plate

2. joint between the first rib and the sternum

Question 12

Give 2 examples of symphyses joints

Answer 12

1. between the vertebrae body

2. pubic symphyses ( joint between the pubic bone)

Question 13

Where are symphses joints typically found

Answer 13

midline of the body only

Question 14

Describe the features of the synovial joints

Answer 14

1. have articular cartilage ( which is made up of hyaline cartilage)
2. capsule made up of dense irregular connective tissue that holds the bone together : fibrous capsule. fibrous capsule is continuous with the periosteom
3. (*optional) ligament: dense connective tissue that stabilize the joints
4. synovial membrane: specialized CT. It is a serous membrane. It produces synovial fluid to articulate the surfaces and nourishes the hyaline cartilage

Question 15

What is the function of the articular cartilage

Answer 15

reduce friction between the bones

Question 16

What part of the synovial joint is continuous with the periosteum

Answer 16

fibrous capsule

Question 17

What is the function of the synovial membrane

Answer 17

• produces synovial fluid

- nourishes the hyaline cartilage

Question 18

What composes the articular capsule

Answer 18

1. fibrous capsule

2. synovial membrane

Question 19

(synovial joint) what are examples of mono-axial joints

Answer 19

1. hinge joint : elbow joint

2. pivot joint : proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 20

(synovial joint) what are examples of bi-axial joints

Answer 20

1. condyloid joint: metacarpophalangeal joint
2. bicondylar
3. saddle: carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb ( base of the 1st metacarpal bone and the trapezium)

Question 21

(synovial joint) what are examples of multi-axial joints

Answer 21

1. ball and socket: shoulder joint

Question 22

(synovial joint) what are examples of non-axial joints

Answer 22

1. plane/gliding/planar ( intercarpal joints)

Question 23

What part of the joint is targeted by osteoarthritis

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage.

Question 24

How are tendons isolated at the area of the joints

Answer 24

the tendon can enter the joint but the joint cannot accept the tendon - so the synovial membrane wraps around the tendon so that the tendon is not entering the synovial cavity
- synovial membrane helps to lubricate as well

Question 25

What causes the bicep strain after exercising

Answer 25

inflammation of the synovial sheath

Question 26

What is the bursa

Answer 26

- bag of synovial membrane sitting outside the joint - prevents friction between tendons and bony structures around them ( protects from friction) - same tissue as synovial membrane - inflammation of synovial membrane = over-production of synovial fluid

Question 27

How many joints are formed between 2 adjacent vertebrae

Answer 27

three joints - a pair formed between articular processes - formed between vertebral bodies

Question 28

What joints are formed between the articular processes of vertebrae

Answer 28

synovial non-axial planar joint

Question 29

What joints form between the vertebrae bodies

Answer 29

symphyses joints that are bound by fibrous cartilage

Question 30

What is the intervertebral disc/ what composes it

Answer 30

fibrous cartilage, is composed of: 1. vertebrae end plate 2. anulus fibrosis: belts of collagen fibers surrounds nucleus pulposes 3. nucleus pulposes: sits in the center of the disc

Question 31

What is the function of nucleus pulposes

Answer 31

- acts as a shock absorber between vertebrae bodies - deals with compressive forces - made up of hyaluronic acid

Question 32

What is the function of anulus fibrosis

Answer 32

- hold nucleus pulposes together | - cannot tolerate compressive forces alone

Question 33

What is the ligament present anteriorly covering the length of the vertebrae

Answer 33

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 34

What is the ligament present posteriorly covering the length of the vertebrae

Answer 34

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 35

What is the ligamentum flavum connecting

Answer 35

lamina of the vertebrae

Question 36

What is the ligament connecting the spinous process

Answer 36

interspinous ligament

Question 37

What does the supraspinous ligament connect together

Answer 37

tip of the spinous process

Question 38

What is the joint that forms between the condylar process of the and the temporal bone

Answer 38

Condyloid joint (bi-axial joint) - articular disc made of fibrocartilage that absorbs mechanical pressure

Question 39

Name all the radio-ulnar joints

Answer 39

There are 3 radio-ulnar joints 1. proximal radioulnar joint 2. middle radioulnar joint: 3. distal radioulnar joint:

Question 40

Describe the superior-radio-ulnar joint

Answer 40

pivot synovial joint between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna. the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulnar are held togetehr by the annular ligament

Question 41

Describe the middle radio-ulnar joint

Answer 41

It is a symphesis joint ( part of solid joint): where the interseousses membrane connects the interosseous border

Question 42

Describe the inferior radio-ulnar joint

Answer 42

It is a pivot synovial joint. the joint shares the capsule with the wrist - the joint cavity is separated from the wrist by an articular disc

Question 43

What kind of joints do the following have: a. manubriosternal joint b. xiphisternal joint c. 1st true rib bone with sternum d. all other rib bone with sternum (sternocostal) e. temporomandibular joint

Answer 43

a. symphysis b. symphysis c. synchondosis d. planar monoaxial synovial e. condylar

Question 44

What movements are done by a pivot joint

Answer 44

medial lateral rotation

Question 45

What movements are done by a hinge joint

Answer 45

extension and flexion

Question 46

What is the difference between the joints found in the hands and pedicle?

Answer 46

1. both intertarsals and intercarpal joints are planar joints 2. the metacarpal-carpal joint is a saddle joint while the metatarsal-tarsal joint is a planar joint 3. the metacarpal-phalangal and metatarsal-phalangal joints are condylar 4. interphalangal joints are always condylar