LO12

Question 1

during reception what is the role of sensory receptors

Answer 1

detect stimuli and activate different neurons

Question 2

during reception what is the role of afferent neurons

Answer 2

transmit info by action potential to CNS

Question 3

during transmission afferent neurons transmit information in which direction?

Answer 3

towards the CNS

Question 4

after integration, efferent neurons transmit information in which direction

Answer 4

away from CNS towards effectors

Question 5

What happens during integration?

Answer 5

interneurons integrate and determine a response

Question 6

where does integration occur?

Answer 6

In the CNS

Question 7

What are two examples of potential actions by effectors

Answer 7

muscle contracts
gland secretes product

Question 8

Define reception

Answer 8

sensory receptors detect specific internal or external stimuli and activate afferent neurons

Question 9

define transmission

Answer 9

afferent neurons transmit information via action potentials to the CNS

Question 10

define integration

Answer 10

interneurons in the CNS integrate the input and determine an appropriate response

Question 11

define transmission

Answer 11

efferent neurons carry information about the response from the CNS to effectors

Question 12

define action

Answer 12

effectors carry out the response

Question 13

What are the five parts of neural signaling

Answer 13

Reception, Transmission, Integration, Transmission, Action

Question 14

What do sensory receptors do?

Answer 14

they specialized neurons throughout body

Question 15

definition: to carry towards

Answer 15

afferent neurons

Question 16

How do receptors communicate with each other

Answer 16

neurotransmitters at synapse

Question 17

What are receptors do when unstimulated

Answer 17

they are at resting potential

Question 18

neurotransmitters do what to the energy of the stimulus

Answer 18

it converts it into an electrical signal

Question 19

What does the stimulus do when it causes ion channels to open or close

Answer 19

leads to depolarization of the membrane of the receptor and then an action potential

Question 20

definition: receive signals from other cells

Answer 20

dendrites

Question 21

definition: integrates info from dendrites to axon

Answer 21

cell body

Question 22

definition: conducts signal away from cell body to neuron or effector

Answer 22

axon

Question 23

definition: releases neurotransmitters to synapse

Answer 23

synaptic terminals

Question 24

what are dendrites

Answer 24

short branches that come off of the neuron cell body

Question 25

what is an axon

Answer 25

a single long branch coming off of the cell body

Question 26

cell body contains what?

Answer 26

cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles

Question 27

definitions: chemicals that allow communication across synapse

Answer 27

neurotransmitters

Question 28

what could be a muscle fiber or gland cell

Answer 28

effector

Question 29

Which type of macromolecule is largely composed of?

Answer 29

lipids

Question 30

What forms myelin?

Answer 30

schwarm cells

Question 31

What is missing at a node of ranvier?

Answer 31

myelin

Question 32

Which conducts signals (action potentials) faster myelinated or unmyelinated axons

Answer 32

myelinated axons

Question 33

What is wrapped around myelinated axons?

Answer 33

plasma membrane of glial cells

Question 34

when an action potential is traveling down an axon, what types of molecules are moving across the membrane?

Answer 34

ions

Question 35

when a membrane is at rest, what is it not doing?

Answer 35

transmitting an action potential

Question 36

what does it mean for a membrane to be polarized?

Answer 36

different electrical charges

Question 37

At rest the inside of a neuron is ____ charged?

Answer 37

negatively

Question 38

hwhat is the resting potential value inside of a nueron

Answer 38

-70mV

Question 39

The animal cells that are excitable and can either generate or receive action potentials are

Answer 39

neurons, muscle fibers, gland cells

Question 40

Hw do neurons receive and send information

Answer 40

action potential

Question 41

action potentials are what kind of signals?

Answer 41

electrical

Question 42

definition: the two sides of a membrane have different electrical charges

Answer 42

polarized

Question 43

When the plasma membrane of a neuron is at rest what is it called?

Answer 43

polarized

Question 44

inside the neuron what concentration is greater?

Answer 44

K is greater inside and Na is greater outside

Question 45

There is more positive charge where inside a neuron?

Answer 45

outside

Question 46

Which ion K or Na can easily move in and out of the PM and which one cant?

Answer 46

K easily moves inside and out and Na cant

Question 47

The resting potential of a neuron can change enough to generate an action potential if a stimulus is (weak/strong)

Answer 47

strong

Question 48

What region of membrane becomes depolarized it becomes _____ negative inside

Answer 48

less

Question 49

The change in charge across the membrane is due to the _____ of sodium channels which allows ______ charge to enter the cell

Answer 49

opening; positive

Question 50

In order for a region of membrane to be depolarized enough to generate an action potential, it must reach the threshold level of _____ mV

Answer 50

-55

Question 51

How can a region of membrane become depolarized

Answer 51

if it becomes less negative due to the opening of Na+ channels

Question 52

what is the threshold depolarization level

Answer 52

-55mV

Question 53

_____ of sodium channels lead to voltage change

Answer 53

opening

Question 54

in resting state voltage-gated Na channels _____

Answer 54

close

Question 55

what cannot happen during the refractory period

Answer 55

another action potential

Question 56

once the adjacent region reaches the threshold level it will become (depolarized/repolarized)

Answer 56

depolarized

Question 57

when the adjacent region starts becoming more positive which ion channels open in that region?

Answer 57

sodium channels

Question 58

A wave of depolarization spreads down an axon from one region of the membrane to the next, due to the flow of which ions down the axon from high to low concentration

Answer 58

Na ions

Question 59

As Na ions move from a region of depolarization into an adjacent region what happens to the charge of that region?

Answer 59

it becomes more positive

Question 60

When the adjacent regions starts becoming more positive which ion channels open in that regions?

Answer 60

sodium channels

Question 61

A nerve impulse = what?

Answer 61

action potential wave

Question 62

A depolarized region of a membrane is what compared to its adjacent region of membrane

Answer 62

positive

Question 63

what follows depolarization?

Answer 63

repolarization and a brief refractory period

Question 64

which is facter continuous conduction or saltatory conduction

Answer 64

saltatory conduction

Question 65

during saltatory conduction, which parts of the axon do action potentials 'skip' over, and why?

Answer 65

myelinated parts; jump from one node of ranvier to another

Question 66

which axons do saltatory conduction applies to

Answer 66

myelinated axons

Question 67

which axons do continuous conduction applies to which axons

Answer 67

unmyelinated axons

Question 68

define continuous conduction

Answer 68

when action potentials are conducted down the entire length of the axon

Question 69

define saltatory conduction

Answer 69

when depolarization jumps down the axon from one node of ranvier to the next

Question 70

ion channels are only present where?

Answer 70

the nodes of ranvier

Question 71

MS is thought to be either the destruction by immune system orwht?

Answer 71

failure of myelin producing cells

Question 72

define a synapse

Answer 72

the space between two neurons or a neuron and an effector

Question 73

The presynaptic cell is always a(n) (neuron/effector cel)

Answer 73

neuron

Question 74

postsynaptic cell is a(n) (neuron only/effector only/neuron or an effector cell)

Answer 74

neuron or an effector cell

Question 75

which types of cell junction are involved in electrical synapses?

Answer 75

gap junctions

Question 76

what moves through gap junctions?

Answer 76

ions

Question 77

What is an example of a tissue type that communicates via electrical synapses?

Answer 77

cardia muscle fibers

Question 78

most synapses are (electrical/chemical)

Answer 78

electrical

Question 79

chemical messengers are what?

Answer 79

neurotransmitters

Question 80

electrical synapses transmit what?

Answer 80

ions through gap junctions when pre and postsynaptic cells are very close together

Question 81

in what structures are neurotransmitters held in the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell?

Answer 81

synaptic vesciles

Question 82

what causes a presynaptic cell to release its neurotransmitters?

Answer 82

action potential

Question 83

the process of what allows neurotransmitters to be released into a synapse

Answer 83

exocytosis

Question 84

which ions are critical for the process of neurotransmitter release?

Answer 84

Ca2+

Question 85

How do neurotransmitters get across a synapse

Answer 85

they diffuse

Question 86

what do neurotransmitters bind to once they reach the postsynaptic cell

Answer 86

specific receptors on dendrites w/ the cell body

Question 87

what is the response from the postsynaptic cell upon neurotransmitter binding?

Answer 87

towards or away from depolarization

Question 88

definition: involves a postsynaptic cell integrating the excitatory and inhibitory signals it is receiving from different neurotransmitters released from different presynaptic cells

Answer 88

neural integration

Question 89

excitatory receptors potentially do what?

Answer 89

cause depolarization

Question 90

inhibitory receptors potentially do aht?

Answer 90

inhibit depolarization

Question 91

to determine whether or not an action potential is generated what doe sthe postsynaptic neuron do what?

Answer 91

integrates excitatory and inhibitory signals

Question 92

definition: one neuron has to integrate information coming from multiple neurons

Answer 92

convergence

Question 93

definition: one neuron communicates simultaneously the same information multiple other neurons

Answer 93

divergence

Question 94

maintenance of the resting membrane potential is accomplished by

Answer 94

more negative charge inside the neuron compared to outsdie

Question 95

what are the parts of a neuron that are responsible for receiving signals from other neuron

Answer 95

dendrites

Question 96

the neurons that integrate information coming into and out of the central nervous system

Answer 96

interneurons

Question 97

the lipid-rich covering found around the axons of some neurons is what?

Answer 97

myelin

Question 98

What does the nervous system of bilateral animals typically include

Answer 98

a brain and one or two nerve cords

Question 99

definition: a concentration of neurons in the head/anterior region

Answer 99

brain

Question 100

definition: extend from a brain

Answer 100

nerve cords

Question 101

What does the CNS integrate

Answer 101

the neural information and determines response

Question 102

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

Answer 102

connects the CNS to the rest of the body