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Biology II > LO13 > Flashcards

LO13 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

What are the differences between neural and endocrine control

A

neural is fast and short lived
endocrine is slow and longer lived

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2
Q

neurons can communicate with which types of cells

A

other neurons, muscle and gland cells

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3
Q

What other cells can endocrine cells communicate with

A

all other cells

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4
Q

do hormones affect all cells that they come into contact with

A

no, only the ones that have the specific receptor needed

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5
Q

what is the name for a cells that a given hormone can influcne

A

target cells

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6
Q

how do hormones move long distances throughout the animal body

A

interstitial fluid and/or blood (bloodstream)

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7
Q

endocrine glands do what?

A

secrete hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluids and or blood

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8
Q

which two organs in the body are involved in removing hormones from circulation

A

liver and kidneys

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9
Q

hormones are typically one of which two types of macromolecules

A

lipids or amino acids/proteins

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10
Q

The secretion of hormones by endocrine glads is regulated by what?

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

When do parathyroid glands secrete PTH?

A

when calcium levels in the blood are low

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12
Q

How does PTH act on bones?

A

by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

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13
Q

PTH stands for what?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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14
Q

hormones circulate in the blood until what?

A

they are inactivated by the liver or excreted in urine by kidneys

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15
Q

where do water-soluble hormones bind to their receptors on their target cells

A

on the plasma membrane

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16
Q

How do water-soluble hormones carry out their response?

A

With signal transduction pathways

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17
Q

what are common cell responses to water-soluble hormones?

A

alter the metabolism, alter gene activity, open or close ion channels

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18
Q

where do lipid soluble hormones bind to their receptors on their target cells

A

inside the cells

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19
Q

define a transcription factor

A

receptors that bind to DNA

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20
Q

what is a common cell response to lipid soluble hormones

A

activating or repressing specific genes

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21
Q

Which hormones are normally water-soluble hydrophilic hormones?

A

most amino acid and protein hormones

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22
Q

Which hormones are normally lipid-soluble hydrophilic hormones?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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23
Q

which region of the brain links the nervous and endocrine system

A

the hypothalamus

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24
Q

which master endocrine gland does the hypothalamus regulate

A

pituitary gland

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25
what would a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus cause?
it would stimulate the anterior pituitary gland causing it to release a specific hormone
26
what would a inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus cause?
it would inhibit the anterior pituitary gland causing it to not release a specific hormone
27
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
six
28
Which hormones from the anterior pituitary control other endocrine glands?
TSH, ACTH, and Gonadotropic hormones
29
What does TSH stand for
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
30
What does TSH cause
the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4
31
What does ACTH cause
the adrenal gland to release mineralo- and gluccoriticoids
32
What do Gonadotropic hormones cause
the gonads to release estrogen and testosterone, and eggs and sperm
33
which hormones act directly on target cells
prolactin and growth hormones
34
Prolactin causes what?
the mammary glands to produce milk
35
The growth hormone causes what?
growth in tissues
36
which part of the brain produce the two posterior pituitary hormones?
hypothalamus
37
The two posterior pituitary hormones are?
oxytocin and ADH
38
Oxytocin has what two actions?
- causes the uterine wall to contract - releases milk
39
ADH causes what to happen?
the kidneys to reabsorb water during dehydration
40
What does the thyroid gland regulate?
metabolism and calcium levels
41
T3 and T4 increase what?
metabolism
42
calcitonin and PTH are hormones that work which way?
antagonistically
43
the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin when calcium levels in the blood are...
high
44
Calcitonin acts on bone by inhibiting....
osteoclasts
45
PTH is produced by what?
the parathyroid glands
46
PTH does what?
increases blood Ca+ levels
47
What is the effect on blood sugar levels of insulin release?
it lowers glucose levels which lowers blood sugar
48
Which cells of the pancreas release insulin?
beta cells
49
What is the effect on blood sugar levels of glucagon release?
raises blood sugar levels
50
when insulin is released how does it lower blood sugar and glucose?
it takes up the glucose from the bloodstream
51
How does glucagon raise blood sugar levels?
stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose
52
Which cells of the pancreas release glucagon?
alpha cells
53
What is the effect of insulin on adipose tissue
stimulates adipose cells to store fat
54
What is the effect of glucagon on adipose tissue?
it promotes fat breakdown
55
Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones that work....
antagonistically
56
the inner region of the adrenal glands is structurally and functionally part of which animal system
sympathetic nervous system
57
which part of the brain regulates the adrenal medulla
hypothalamus
58
what is the role of epinerpherine?
fight-or-flight response
59
the outer part of the adrenal glands is involved in regulating which body response?
fight or flight
60
Adrenal cortex hormones are ______ soluble
lipid
61
Adrenal cortex hormones are derived from what?
cholesterol
62
definition: a mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb more salt and water
aldosterone
63
aldosterone and ADH are hormones that work how....
synergistically
64
definition: a glucocorticoid that ensures that body cells have enough glucose to break down during stressful situation
cortisol
65
Which hormone controls the adrenal cortex and where is it released from?
steroid hormones derived from cholesterol
66
what two hormones does the inner adrenal medulla secrete during the bodies flight or fight response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
67
what gland secretes melatonin to help us slee?
pineal
68
Less melatonin is produced when it is....
light
69
the ______ gland secretes thymosin
thymus
70
thymosin helps our body's _________
immune response
71
how does thymosin help our body's immune response
by helping certain (T cells) white blood cells mature
72
what two hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
73
what do estrogen and progesterone do?
development of female sex characteristics
74
what hormone do the testes produce?
testosterone
75
what is the role of testosterone
development of male sex characteristics
76
define hyposecretion
the abnormally reduced output of a hormone
77
define hypersecretion
the overproduction of a hormone
78
what can dwarfism and gigantism be caused by?
hypo- or hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
79
what would hypothyroidism result in?
low energy levels
80
What would hyperthyroidism result in?
weight loss and irritability
81
In hypothyroidism T3 and T4 are bing ____secreted or produced
under
82
how is diabetes characterized?
by high blood glucose levels
83
what is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
white blood cells are destroying insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells
84
when does type 1 diabetes generally develop
before 30
85
what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes
life-long insulin injections
86
what is the cause of type 2 diabetes
metabolic syndrome
87
what does it mean for a cell to become insulin resistant
desensitized by high insulin levels
88
what does metabolic syndrome generally include
obesity, large waist cricumference, high blood glucose levels
89
define hyperglycemia
high blood glucose levels
90
diabetes mellitus is what?
could be several disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia because of a insulin problem that prevents glucose from entering the cell
91
what is normally the effect of insulin on its target cells?
glucose is taken from the blood by cells
92
If target cells aren't responding to insulin what do the cells use for energy
fats and proteins which results in high blood lipid levels
93
Why is dehydration a symptom of Type 2 diabetes?
because there is excess glucose and ketones that are being excreted by the kidneys in the urine this causes dehydration
94
define hypoglycemia
pancreas receive or diabetic receives too much insulin
95
how can hypoglycemia lead to insulin shock
when brain cells don't get enough insulin
96
what is a result of diabetes for people
abnormal metabolism and electrolyte imbalance
97
breaking down fat stores in the body which results in high blood lipids leads to what?
atherosclerosis

Biology II (12 decks)

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