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LO5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plants belong to which eukaryotic clade?

A

archaeplastid

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2
Q

Plants and other archaeplastids acquired chloroplasts that are direct descendants of __________ in a process known as primary endosymbiosis

A

cyanobacteria

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3
Q

Land plants are direct descendants of and most closely related to?

A

green algae

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4
Q

What are two similarities between plants and green algae?

A
  • chlorophylls a and b
  • carotenoids
  • DNA
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5
Q

what is the function of the cuticle?

A

prevents the above ground parts of a plant from drying out

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6
Q

What is the function of stomata?

A

gas exchange on land

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7
Q

definition: microscopic pores on the leaves and stems

A

stomata

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8
Q

definition: reproductive cells adapted for dispersal on land due to their tough outer coat

A

spores

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9
Q

Where are spores produced?

A

sporangia

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10
Q

definitions: capsule like structures

A

sporangia

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11
Q

definition: female reproductive organs

A

archegonia

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12
Q

What do archegonia produce?

A

a single egg

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13
Q

What happens when the egg of a archegonia is fertilized?

A

develops into an embryo

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14
Q

definition: male reproductive organs

A

antheridia

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15
Q

What do antheridia produce?

A

many sperm

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16
Q

The green algae reproductive organs are what?

A

unicellular

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17
Q

definition: the alternates between haploid and diploid generations

A

alternation of generations life cycle

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18
Q

What begins the next generation of sporophyte plants?

A

fertilization creating a diploid zygote

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19
Q

The gametophyte plant reproduces ____ ____ by ______

A

haploid gametes by mitosis

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20
Q

The gametophyte generation is ____ and _____

A

haploid and multicellular

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21
Q

What generation is the sporophyte

A

diploid, multicellular generation

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22
Q

What is the first stage of the sporophyte generation

A

the diploid zygote

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23
Q

inside of which strcuture does the young sporophyte embryo initially develop

A

sporangia

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24
Q

What characteristics are used to classify plants into four main groups

A

y/n vascular tissues and seeds

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25
What are the functions of vascular tissue
to transport water and nutrients and to provide structure
26
What are the three parts of a seed
- embryo - food storage - seed coat
27
What characteristics are missing in the bryophyte
vascular tissue and seeds
28
what is missing in the vascular seedless plants
no seeds
29
in the gymnosperms and angiosperms _______ have replaced the function of _______ in reproduction and dispersal
spores and seeds
30
definition: a sporophyte embryo with nutrients insides of a protective coat
seeds
31
The first plants to evolve and colonize land were which plants?
nonvascular bryophytes
32
What size are bryophytes?
small
33
What plants are the only ones to retain the ancestral trait of a dominant gametophyte generation
bryophytes
34
In bryophytes the gametophyte plant is what?
larger, lives longer, and protects and nourishes the sporophyte
35
Nonvascular plants retain what ancestral trait?
flagellated sperm
36
what are the most common type of bryophytes
mosses
37
Why are moss ecologically important
prevent erosion and forming soil
38
How do moss prevent erosion
root-like structures hold soil in place
39
how do moss aid in forming soil
secrete acids that break up rocks
40
Why do moss have to near moist soil?
so that sperm can swim to the egg
41
most plants are what?
vascular plants
42
vascular plants form what kind of group?
monophyletic
43
bryophytes form what kind of group?
paraphyletic
44
vascular tissue allow for what?
larger size
45
what generation dominates vascular plants?
sorophyte
46
What kind of plants have vascular tissue
sporophyte plants
47
What were the first seed plants?
gynosperms
48
What did gymnosperms evolve from?
ancient seedless vascular plants
49
Which generation is dominant among seed plants?
sporophyte
50
What is the dependent generation in seed plants?
gametophyte
51
Where would you look on the plant to find the gametophyte generation of a gymnosperm
on cones
52
Where would you look on an angiosperm to find the gametophyte generation?
within flowers
53
What are three ways seeds are better than spores for dispersa;?
- they're multicellular - tougher outer coat - food supply
54
What are female spores called?
megaspores
55
What do female spores develop into
female gametophytes
56
what are male spores called
microspores
57
what do male spores develop into
pollen grain
58
do megaspores or microspores ever leave the sporophyte parent that they were produced in?
no
59
Seed plants are homosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
60
What do heterosporous plants produce?
two types of spores
61
Where are male spores produced?
microsporangia
62
Where are female spores produced?
megasporangia
63
Heterospory was a necessary precursor for what?
the evolution of seeds
64
What is an ovule?
a megaspore in its megasporangium
65
What divides by mitosis to become female gametophytes
megaspores
66
female gametophytes use the process of _______ to produce one egg in each ovule?
mitosis
67
If an egg becomes fertilized it will become a ________ and then a __________ which transforms the ovule into a seed?
zygote; sporophyte embryo
68
When an ovule becomes a seed the fertilized egg develops into what?
sporophyte embryo
69
The food supply for an embryo develops from what remains of the female ______
gametophyte tissues
70
The seed coat is formed from the outer layer of what?
megasporangium
71
Which has to happen first during seed plant reproduction pollination or fertilization
pollination
72
what is carried within the pollen grain that is needed for fertiliation?
nonflagellate sperm
73
Do seed plants need flagella to swim to the egg?
no
74
how does the sperm of a seed plant get to the egg?
pollen tube
75
in seed plants male gametophytes are reduced to microscopic ______________
pollen grains
76
What kind of seeds do gymnosperms have?
naked seeds
77
Where do many gymnosperm seeds develop?
on cones
78
What are two adaptive advantages that gymnosperms have over seedless vascular plants
- disperse seeds - dont rely on external water
79
most abundant gymnosperms are the ________
conifers
80
What are three ecological benefits that conifers provide to their forest ecosystems
- provide habitat - food - prevention of soil erosion
81
angiosperms are which type of plants
flowering plants
82
The vast majority of plants are __________
angiosperms
83
Why did angiosperm flowers evolved from leaves to better facilitate __________
reproduction
84
In a angiosperms where are ovules protected?
ovary
85
Upon fertilization an ovule becomes what?
seed
86
Upon fertilization an ovary becomes what?
fruit
87
What does fruit do for the seed?
protects it and aides in seed dispersal
88
What is a primary job of the non-reproductive part of a flower?
- protect the flower - attract pollinators
89
Anthers contain what?
microsporangia
90
ovaries contain what?
ovules
91
Angiosperm pollen grains contain how many sperm?
two
92
Explain what happens to the first sperm in double fertilization?
- one sperm fertilizes the egg in an ovule forming a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte embryo inside the ovary
93
Explain what happens to the second sperm in double fertilization?
- fuses with two haploid nuclei forming a triploid food supply that grows in the embryo
94
Define coevolution
- flowering plants and their animal pollinators affected on another's evolution becoming mutually adapted to each other
95
petals, scent, and nectar are produced by plants to attract what?
animal pollinators
96
Plants without petals, scent, and/or nectar are likely pollinated with?
wind
97
What are two advantages of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction
- rapid increase in offspring - more hardy than seeds
98
What are two advantages of sexual reproduction?
- genetic diversity -dispersal benefit
99

Biology II (12 decks)

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