LO3

Question 1

When did living cells first evolve on earth?

Answer 1

3.8 billion years ago

Question 2

Were the earliest prokaryotes anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 2

anaerobic

Question 3

ancient cyanobacteria evolved the ability to perform ____________?

Answer 3

photosynthesis

Question 4

What are the different structures of prokaryotes?

Answer 4

round(coccus), rod-shaped(bacillus), or spiral(spirochete/spirillium)

Question 5

what are prokaryotes measured in?

Answer 5

micrometers

Question 6

The DNA in prokaryotes is structured how?

Answer 6

is a single, supercoiled, circular chromosome

Question 7

What is in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes?

Answer 7

plasmids, ribosomes, and enzymes

Question 8

What does the polysaccaride-based call wall do for prokaryotes?

Answer 8

maintains shape, keeps cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

Question 9

What does the bacterial cell wall contian?

Answer 9

peptidoglycan

Question 10

definition: a network of polysaccharides linked by amino acids

Answer 10

peptidoglycan

Question 11

definition: bacteria that has a thick peptidoglycan layer

Answer 11

gram-positive bacteria

Question 12

definition: bacteria that has a thin peptidoglycan layer + an outer membrane that is similar to the plasma membrane

Answer 12

gram-negative bacteria

Question 13

definition: a slimy layer of many bacteria attached together

Answer 13

biofilm

Question 14

motile prokaryotes move primarily via _________

Answer 14

flagella

Question 15

definition: dormant cells that can survive harsh conditions

Answer 15

endospores

Question 16

What are endospores produced?

Answer 16

if the environment is unfavorable or at one extreme

Question 17

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 17

aesexually by binary fission

Question 18

what are the steps of binary fission

Answer 18

1. circular DNA chromosome replicate
2. plasma membrane and cell wall form ingrowths
3. parent cell splits and forms two genetically identical daughter cells

Question 19

definition: when a prokaryote takes up foreign DNA released by another prokaryote when it dies

Answer 19

transformaiton

Question 20

definition:when a bacteriophage carries bacterial DNA from one host cell to another

Answer 20

transduction

Question 21

definition: when two prokaryotic cells make direct contact and exchange genetic material

Answer 21

conjugation

Question 22

definition: ways that prokaryotes exchange genetic material with non-offspring prokaryotes

Answer 22

horizontal gene flow

Question 23

What structure allows for direct contact during conjugation?

Answer 23

sex pilus

Question 24

most prokaryotes are ______________

Answer 24

aerobic chemoheterotrophs

Question 25

definitions: obtain their organic compounds and energy by consuming other organisms

Answer 25

chemoheterotrophs

Question 26

examples of chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes?

Answer 26

decomposers, pathogens, and symbionts

Question 27

What are some examples of prokaryotes that are autotrophs that make their own organic compounds

Answer 27

chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs

Question 28

definition: obtain their energy from inorganic chemicals in their environment

Answer 28

chemoautrotrophs

Question 29

definition: capture energy from sunlight during photosynthyesis

Answer 29

photoautotrophs

Question 30

definition: prokaryotes that use fermentation if O2 is unavailable

Answer 30

facultative anaerobes

Question 31

definition: prokaryotes anaerobes that require anaerobic environments

Answer 31

obligate anaerobes

Question 32

what continues between the bacterial and archaeal lineages even after they split

Answer 32

horizontal gene transfer

Question 33

the nuclear envelope is present in which domains?

Answer 33

eukarya

Question 34

membrane-enclosed organelles are present in which domains?

Answer 34

eukarya

Question 35

circular chromosomes are present in which domains

Answer 35

bacteria and archaea`

Question 36

number of chromosomes are present in which domains

Answer 36

bacteria and archaea (typically one) eukarya (typically many)

Question 37

Histones associated with DNA are present in which domains

Answer 37

archaea and eukarya

Question 38

peptidoglycan in cell wall are present in which domains

Answer 38

bacteria

Question 39

structure of lipids in plasma membrane in the domains?

Answer 39

straight chain (bacteria and eukarya) branched chain(archaea)

Question 40

What are some ecological roles of prokaryotes

Answer 40

decomposers and convert nitrogen

Question 41

what does cyanobacteria carry out

Answer 41

photosynthesis

Question 42

where were archaeans first discovered

Answer 42

in extreme environments

Question 43

definition: live in extreme temperature or salinity

Answer 43

extremophiles

Question 44

what kind of microbiome do plants and animals have?

Answer 44

mutualistic

Question 45

definition: a community of internal microorganisms

Answer 45

microbiome

Question 46

what do microorganisms in the microbiome do?

Answer 46

digest cellulose, and produce bioluminenscence

Question 47

what does the human microbiome help us do?

Answer 47

digesting complex carbs, producing vitamins and killing pathogenic bacteria, hormones, neurotransmitters

Question 48

what has our western lifestyle led to

Answer 48

a decrease in the diversity of our microbiome

Question 49

a lower ddiversity microbiome coincides with what?

Answer 49

higher incidences of chronic illnesses connected to the immune system

Question 50

definition: theory where certain microbes cause disease

Answer 50

germ theory

Question 51

when were bacteria first discovered and by whom?

Answer 51

late 1600s by leeuwenhoek

Question 52

when were diease-causing bacteria and viruses first discovered

Answer 52

prior to the late 1800s

Question 53

definitions: diseases result wen the four main fluids of the body get out of balance

Answer 53

four humors

Question 54

definition: bad vapors rising from the ground cause disease

Answer 54

miasma

Question 55

how does pathogenic bacteria cause disease without entering host cells

Answer 55

toxic chemcials

Question 56

how much of bacterial species are pathogens

Answer 56

small percentage

Question 57

antibiotics are __________ chemicals

Answer 57

naturally derived chemicals

Question 58

what do some antibiotics do

Answer 58

-they attack the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall - bind to bacterial ribosomes and block protein synthesis

Question 59

superbugs are a result of what?

Answer 59

bacterial conjugation