Lung 1

Question 1

obstructive atalectasis

Answer 1

blockage prevents new air from coming in
old air resorbed
lung shrinks

Question 2

compressive atalectasis

Answer 2

pleural fluid pushes part of lung in

Question 3

contraction atalectasis

Answer 3

lung shrinks all over due to scaring/fibrosis

Question 4

gross and histo appearance of pulmonary edema

Answer 4

gross- wet, heavy, frothy fluid

histo- eosinophilic proteinaceous fluid

Question 5

acute respiratory distress syndrome- ARDS

Answer 5

severe ALI- progressive respiratory insufficiency caused by diffuse alveolar damage due to sepsis, trauma, or infection
damaged endothelium with inflammation (not as much as pneumonia)

Question 6

where does pulmonary edema happen

Answer 6

base of lower lobe

Question 7

acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)

Answer 7

pathologic changes consistent with ARDS/DAD but with unknown cause
average age: 50
high mortality rate

Question 8

acute lung injury

Answer 8

sudden decrease in oxygen and widespread pulmonary infiltrates without heart failure

Question 9

diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

Answer 9

histo finding for ARDS

Question 10

4 major causes of ARDS

Answer 10

sepsis
diffuse pulmonary infections
gastric aspiration
mechanical trauma

Question 11

key features of ARDS

Answer 11

post insult- trauma, sepsis, infection
patchy infiltrate on CXR
hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen
ventilation/perfusion abnormalities
decreased surfactant --> PEEP ventilation required
hyaline membranes
uniform temporal appearance

Question 12

obstructive disease

Answer 12

decreased FEV1

look at flow rate

Question 13

restrictive disease

Answer 13

decreased FVC and TLC

look at volume

Question 14

examples of obstructive disease

Answer 14

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma
bronchiectasis

Question 15

examples of restrictive disease

Answer 15

ARDS

chest wall disorders- polio, obesity

Question 16

FVC

Answer 16

forced vital capacity

determined by max expiratory effort

Question 17

FEV1

Answer 17

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Question 18

PEF

Answer 18

peak expiratory flow

highest flow measured with peak flow meter

Question 19

emphysema

Answer 19

irreversible wall destruction with over inflation

obstructive

Question 20

chronic bronchitis

Answer 20

productive cough with airway inflammation

obstructive

Question 21

asthma

Answer 21

reversible obstruction
hyperactive airways triggered by allergens, infection, or other
obstructive

Question 22

COPD

Answer 22

emphysema + chronic bronchitis

common in smokers

Question 23

centriacinar emphysema

Answer 23

big and small alveoli
central with distal sparing
upper lobes and apices
associated with smoking
explained by protease/anti-protease hypothesis

Question 24

pancinar emphysema

Answer 24

uniformly enlarged acini
from respiratory bronchiole to terminal alveoli
lower lobes
associated with alpha1-AT deficiency (genetic)

Question 25

gene involved in emphysema

Answer 25

NRF2

Question 26

PiMM

Answer 26

normal Alpha1-AT enzyme involved with emphysema

Question 27

PiZZ

Answer 27

abnormal alpha1-AT enzyme involved with emphysema

Question 28

emphysema is noticed when

Answer 28

1/3 of lung parenchyma is damaged

Question 29

symptoms of emphysema

Answer 29

``` dyspnea, cough, wheeze, weight loss cor pulmonale respiratory acidosis pneumothorax RHF ```

Question 30

bullous emphysema

Answer 30

end stage for centriacinar large subpleural blebs rupture can cause pneumothorax

Question 31

chronic bronchitis

Answer 31

3 month productive cough with sputum production goblet cell hyperplasia --> over production of mucos cigarette smoking bronchial wall fibrosis

Question 32

simple chronic bronchitis

Answer 32

productive cough without obstruction

Question 33

chronic asthmatic bronchitis

Answer 33

hyperactive airways with intermittent bronchospasm and wheezing

Question 34

obstructive chronic bronchitis

Answer 34

chronic airflow obstruction usually paired with emphysema

Question 35

pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis

Answer 35

mucos over production with decreased surfactant production in response to chronic inflammation can become infected

Question 36

blue bloater

Answer 36

chronic bronchitis- hypercapnia, hypoxemia, cyanosis | barrel chested

Question 37

pink puffer

Answer 37

emphysema weight loss, lean forward breathing through pursed lips

Question 38

biggest intervention for COPD

Answer 38

smoking cessation

Question 39

biggest factor of chronic bronchitis

Answer 39

smoking

Question 40

bronchiectasis

Answer 40

permanent dilation of bronchi/bronchioles due to muscle and elastic tissue destruction from chronic necrotizing infections

Question 41

mucus gland hyperplasia

Answer 41

chronic bronchitis

Question 42

airway dilation

Answer 42

bronchiectasis

Question 43

alveolar wall destruction

Answer 43

emphysema

Question 44

hyaline membranes

Answer 44

ARDS