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1
Q

Metabolism

A
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2
Q

2 classes of metabolism

A
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3
Q

Catabolism

A
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4
Q

Anabolism

A
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5
Q

What does catabolism require

A

Water

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6
Q

Exergonic reactions

A
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7
Q

Anabolisminvolves whatkind of vxn

A
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8
Q

Endergonic

A
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9
Q

ATP abbrev,

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

ATP -) ADP +pi + energy

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11
Q

Anabolism

A
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12
Q

Catabolism vs anabolism

A
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13
Q

Collision theory

A

Explanation of how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of these reactions

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14
Q

Because molecules have mass and are in motion,

A

Contain energy

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15
Q

► If the energy from a collision is great enough,

A

it can result in the rearrangement of chemical bonds

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16
Q

Velocity

A

► The faster an object moves, the more energy it
contains
► More energy means more reacti

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17
Q

Chemical configuration

A

arrangement of electrons in the molecule

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18
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of energy needed to disrupt an electron configuration so that a reaction occurs
► This number will vary depending on the molecules reacting
► Knowing the activation energy allows us to determine the reaction rate

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19
Q

Reaction Rate

A

the frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to start a reaction.
► This is dependent on the number of reactant molecules at or above the activation energy.
► Can be increased by raising the temperature or pressure

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20
Q

Increasing Reaction Rate

A

Temperature
Pressure

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21
Q

Temp in increasing rxn rate

A

► Temperature increases reaction rate by providing additional energy to the molecules, speeding them up
► Thus, more collisions with sufficient energy occur

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22
Q

Pressure in Increasing Reaction Rate

A

Pressure increases reaction rate by forcing the molecules into a smaller space
► Thus, more collisions occur

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

► Temperature and pressure may speed up a reaction, but are generally not good for cells
► Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction
► Enzymes are catalysts which speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves.
► Enzymes are specific and only catalyze one reaction

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24
Q

Active site

A

When enzymes bind their substrate in a specific region

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25
They usually exist in the cell in both ______and ______ forms which are dependent on the cell’s environment.
Active and inactive
26
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temp pH Substrate concentration
27
Temp does what to enzymes
increase the rate of enzyme activity to a point.
28
pH alters
Higher or lower than this pH alters the protein structure, stopping function
29
increase enzyme activity, up until all the enzymes are functioning at maximum
Substrate concentration
30
Multiple Enzymes Can Work Together
work together to break down the molecule in steps bc there’s a lot of bonds that need to be broken down
31
Inhibitor types
Competitive Non competitive
32
Competitor inhibitor
Fill the active site of the enzyme and compete with substrate for the active site
33
Non competitive
Bind with another part of the enzyme which changes the shape of the active site. ► aka allosteric inhibition
34
Feedback Inhibition uses
the enzyme product as an inhibitor
35
Feedback inhibition is a ______ inhibitor
Non competitive
36
Feedback inhibitiyion prevents the cell from
wasting resources on more product than it needs. ► Usually occurs in a chain reaction, stopping the first enzyme in the cascade.
37
Redox Reactions
Couple rxns together AKA oxidation reduction
38
In redox reactions ► The molecule that loses electrons is ► The molecule that gains electrons is
oxidized Reduced
39
redox reactions used for
photosynthesis, respiration and fermentation to generate energy
40
Two ways ATP is generated
► Substrate level phosphorylation ► Oxidative phosphorylation
41
Substrate level phosphorylation
occur when a P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP. ► C-C-C-P + ADP 🡪 C-C-C + ATP
42
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from an organic compound (typically reduced NADH) to a series of electron carriers. ► As the electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, they release energy. ► This energy release is used to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP, generating ATP
43
Carbohydrate Catabolism
The processing of carbohydrates for the generation of energy:
44
Carbohydrate Catabolism
Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain
45
Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces NADH and ATP
46
Krebs
Oxidation of acetyl CoA into CO2 produces NADH and FADH2
47
Electron transport chain
A series of carrier molecules take the NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to produce ATP
48
(30-32 ATP) due to
membranes are not totally impermeable to protons, and not all the glucose molecules make it to the end of glycolysis
49
38 ATP per
Glucose molecule max
50
Fermentation
organic compounds can be broken down to release energy he NADH is regenerated into NAD, so it can be used in glycolysis again
51
Fermentation 5 factors
1. Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules 2. Does not require oxygen 3. Does not use the TCA cycle or ETS 4. Organic molecule is terminal electron acceptor 5. Produces small amounts of energy
52
Fermentation 2 step program
► Step 1: glycolysis yields 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules ► Step 2: pyruvic acid is converted into end-product, which is organism specifi
53
Fermentation byproducts
► CO2 ► Other gasses ► Alcohol ► Various acids
54
Lipid catabolism composed of
a glycerol and fatty acid chains that can enter either glycolysis or the acetyl CoA steps
55
Lipases seperate
the glycerol from the fatty acid
56
In lipid catabolism ► Glycerol is converted into ► Fatty acids are converted into
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Acetyl Co
57
Protein Catabolism broken down to reuse
amino acids or converted to enter various points of glycolysis and the TCA cycle
58
Extracellular proteases and peptidases can break down complex proteins
component amino acids for uptake into the cell
59
Phototrophs
utilize light energy from the sun to generate chemical energy Ex. ► Plants, algae, cyanobacteria and purple and green sulfur
60
Light and Dark Reactions
conversion of CO2, H2O and light into sugars and oxygen is carried out in two steps
61
Light and Dark Reactions
conversion of CO2, H2O and light into sugars and oxygen is carried out in two steps
62
Light reactions
In the light reactions, energy from the sun is used to generate ATP and reduce the electron carrier NAD+ into NADH ► This happens in the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Clin Path (16 decks)

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