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Nueorologic Flashcards

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1
Q

Idiopathic vestibular dz clinical signs

A

▪ Incapacitating loss of balance
▪ Nystagmus
▪ Disorientation
▪ Ataxia
▪ Vomiting
▪ Anorexia

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2
Q

Idiopathic vestibular dz dx

A

▪ Clinical signs
▪ Bloodwork to r/o other nervous system diseases
▪ Otic examination to rule out inner ear problems

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3
Q

Epilepsy

A

Seizures —no apparent cause
Singly or in clusters for 1-2 mins

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4
Q

Epilepsy onset age

A

1-3 yrs of age

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5
Q

Epilepsy treatment

A

Drugs: phenobarbital (7-10days, pre/postpill), KBr, zonisamide

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6
Q

Intervertebral disk dz types

A

Type l + type2

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7
Q

Type l intervertebral disk

A

Acute rupture into the spinal canal

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8
Q

Type 2 intervertebral disk

A

▪ Common in older (>5yrs) large-breed dogs
▪ Extrusion occurs over a longer period
▪ Less acute and less severe clinical signs

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9
Q

Intervertebral disk dz clinical signs

A

▪ Apparent pain: +/- motor or sensory deficits
▪ Acute onset (type 1)
▪ Paresis or paralysis – unilateral or bilateral
▪ Decreased panniculus reflex 1-2 vertebral spaces caudal to the lesion
▪ Altered deep pain response

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10
Q

Types of intervertebral disk treatments

A

Medical
▪ Corticosteroids
Intensive nursing care
▪ Padded cage
▪ U-cath or bladder expression
▪ Prevention of bed sores
▪ Proper nutrition and hydration
Surgical
▪ Deep pain present
▪ ASAP to prevent further damage to spinal cord

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11
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler Syndrome)

A

Cervical spinal cord compression

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12
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy commonly affected vertebrae’s

A

Caudal vertebral (C5-C7) malformation or misarticulation

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13
Q

Wobbler syndrome commonly in what breeds

A

Great Danes and Doberman pinscher

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14
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy clinical signs

A

▪ Abnormal wearing of the dorsal surface of the rear paws, nails, or both
▪ Swinging, wobbly gait – rear limbs
▪ Gait worse on rising
▪ Similar signs in front limbs

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15
Q

Wobbler syndrome medical treatment

A

▪ Antiinflammatories
▪ Neck brace
▪ Cage confinement

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16
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy surgical treatment

A

▪ High potential for morbidity and postsurgical
complications
▪ Decompression and stabilization

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17
Q

Degenerative myelopathy clinical signs

A

▪ Slowly progressive hid limb paresis and
ataxia
▪ Muscle atrophy

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18
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy

A

GSD mixes
Older dogs
- bone degenerating, lack in spinal cord stabilization

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19
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy progression

A

progress until the animal is unable to support weight with the rear limbs
▪ Progressive incurable disease
▪ Degeneration of spinal nerves

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20
Q

Degenerative Myelopathy nuero exam

A

▪ Lesion in the region of T3-L3
▪ Decreased or absent proprioception
▪ Increased to normal patellar reflex
▪ Lack of pain
▪ Normal sphincter tone
▪ Normal panniculus reflex

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21
Q

Degenerative myelopathy diagnostics

A

Radiographs
▪ Narrowed disk spaces —Not always helpful
CSF collection
▪ May show ↑ protein concentration

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22
Q

Laryngeal paralysis occurs in what species

A

Dogs and cats

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23
Q

Laryngeal paralysis forms

A

Hereditary
Acquired
Idiopathic

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24
Q

Hereditary laryngeal paralysis age

A

4-6 months

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25
Acquired laryngeal paralysis age
1.5-13 yrs
26
Idiopathic laryngeal paralysis happen in …
middle-age to old, large and giant breed dogs ▪ Castrated male dogs and cats > female and non-neutered animals
27
Laryngeal paralysis clinical signs
▪ Inspiratory stridor ▪ Respiratory distress ▪ Loss of endurance ▪ Voice change ▪ Dyspnea ▪ Cyanosis ▪ Complete respiratory collapse
28
Megaesophagus
Lack of esophageal peristalsis —>dilation of the esophagus and regurgitation
29
Megaesophagus forms
Congenital and acquired
30
Congenital Megaesophagus causes …
around weaning time ▪ Chronic regurgitation, weight loss, respiratory signs, pneumonias
31
Congenital Megaesophagus commonly bc of…
▪ Great Danes, GSD, Irish setters, Newfoundlands, Shar-Peis, greyhounds ▪ Inherited – wire-haired fox terriers, mini schnauzers
32
Acquired Megaesophagus
Any age ▪ Linked to: metabolic neuromuscular disease, distemper, tick paralysis, lead poisoning, lar-par
33
Megaesophagus management
▪ Elevated feeding – Baily chair ▪ Provide liquid or soft diet – high calorie ▪ Several small meals throughout the day
34
Common ticks
Rocky Mountain wood tick – Dermacentor andersoni Common dog tick – Dermacentor variabilis
35
Female ticks
- salivary neurotoxin ▪ Interferes with acetylcholine concentrations at the neuromuscular junction
36
Tick paralysis clinical signs
▪ Presence of ticks on the dog ▪ Gradual development of hind-limb ataxia ▪ Altered voice and dysphagia may be seen ▪ Recumbency w/in 24 – 72 hours ▪ Reflexes lost while sensation remains ▪ Respiratory paralysis —> death
37
Tick paralysis treatment
Remove all ticks from the animal ▪ Physical ▪ Drug ▪ Supportive care ▪ Ventilator if respiratory paralysis occurs ▪ Tick anti-serum
38
Length of tick paralysis
1-3 days
39
Erythrocyte disorders associated with
▪ Decreased production ▪ Increased destruction ▪ Inappropriate loss (hemorrhage)
40
Erythrocyte disorder causes
Anemia Hemorrhage ▪ Hemolysis ▪ Blood parasites ▪ Iron deficiencies ▪ Immune-mediated disease ▪ Toxins
41
IMHA abbreviation
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
42
IMHA common in
Dogs 2-8 years old ▪ 4x more prevalent in females ▪ Breeds: poodles, Old English sheepdogs, Irish setter, cocker spaniels
43
Def. Of IMHA
RBCs coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them
44
IMHA clinical signs
Anorexia ▪ Listlessness, weakness ▪ Depression ▪ Tachycardia, tachypnea ▪ +/- icterus ▪ +/- hepatomegaly, splenomegaly ▪ Pale mucus membranes
45
Ways to dx IMHA
Leukocytosis ▪ Absolute neutrophilia w/ a left shift ▪ Regenerative anemia
46
IMHA treatment
Aimed at improving tissue oxygenation and managing immune response ▪ Glucocorticoids ▪ Drugs to prevent gastric ulceration ▪ Heparin to prevent thromboembolism ▪ Blood transfusions
47
IMTP abbreviation
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
48
IMTP common in
2x more likely in females ▪ Dogs 5-6 years of age
49
IMTP def.
Platelets coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them in the spleen, bone marrow or liver
50
IMTP clinical signs
As platelets drop to <30,000 thrombocytes/mm3 🡪 clinical signs ▪ Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces ▪ Bloody stool or vomit ▪ Epistaxis ▪ Weakness, lethargy
51
IMTP treatment
▪ Steroids: prenisone ▪ Chemo: vincristine ▪ Platelet-rich blood transfusion ▪ GI protectant
52
Ehrlichiosis source
Rickettsial disease spread by the brown dog tick (bacteria) - SE SW U.S - Primarily on tropical and subtropical environments throughout the world
53
Ehrlichiosis acute clinical signs
depression, anorexia, fever, weight loss, ocular and nasal discharge, dyspnea, edema of the limbs, lymphadenopathy
54
Ehrlichiosis chronic clinical signs
bleeding tendencies, severe weight loss, debilitation, abdominal tenderness, anterior uveitis, retinal hemorrhages
55
Ehrlichiosis treatment
Antibiotics (Tetracycline or doxycycline)
56
vWF
Primary hemostasis Sticks playlets until we get fibrin BMBT on suspected cases prior to surgery
57
vWF inherited disorder of hemostasis
- Most common breeds: Doberman pinchers, GSD, Labrador retrievers ▪ Affected animals should not be used for breeding
58
vWF clinical signs
▪ Easy bruising ▪ Prolonged bleeding during estrus ▪ Prolonged bleeding from venipucture
59
vWF treatment
Manage bleeding episodes with plasma or cryoprecipitate Desmopressin acetate can be used to control bleeding during surgery ▪ Effects last about 2 hours ▪ Increases factor VIII in the blood
60
FIV abbreviation
Feline Immunodeficiency virus
61
FIV TREATMENT
62
FIV Stages
63
Acute FIV
64
Subclinical FIV
65
Chronic FIV

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