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Clin Path > Snakes > Flashcards

Snakes Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Order

A

Squamata

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2
Q

Suborder

A

Serpentes

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3
Q

Behavior

A

• Solitary (territorial/aggression/food) • Diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular
• Captive husbandry vs natural history

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4
Q

Integumentary

A

• Protective barrier • Respiration
• Movement
• Growth
• Sensory detection • Coloration

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5
Q

Ecdysis

A

• Secretes lubricant (seen commonly in eyes) • Sheds in one piece
• Process may take week or two
• Should not be handled or fed
• Furnishings/water bowls/humidity

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6
Q

Scales

A

• Smooth- no central ridge • Keeled- central ridge

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7
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Skull
Maxilla
Mandible
Vertebral column

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8
Q

Maxilla

A

• No symphysis
• Intramandibular hinge (flex in middle)
• Articulated streptostylic quadrate (move sideways)

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9
Q

Vertebral column

A

• Varies in number
• No sternum
• Precloacal has ribs

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10
Q

Serpentine

A

Undulating
Crawling

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11
Q

Rectilinear

A

Advance and pull for large snakes

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12
Q

Heart positions

A

Terrestrial
Arboreal
Aquatic

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13
Q

Terrestrial heart position

A

Close to head, blood vessels distal portion of body)

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14
Q

Arboreal heart position

A

Close to head so blood can reach brain better

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15
Q

Aquatic heart position

A

Middle of body so pumping effort is minimal, blood pressure regulated by
external water pressure

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16
Q

Heart chambers

A

• 2 atrium, 1 ventricle (functioning 5 chambers that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood/R & L aortic arches, pulmonary artery)

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17
Q

Blood vessels

A

• No valves to prevent backflow (contraction of muscle)
• Renal portal system (Blood from caudal portion goes to kidneys)

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18
Q

Trachea

A

• Incomplete rings (ventral ridged/dorsal membranous) • Base of tongue/glottis

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19
Q

Lungs

A

• No diaphragm
• Left (non-functioning)
• Right (elongated/cranial-gas exchange, caudal air sac • Intercostal muscles

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20
Q

Teeth placed

A

Upper and lower jaw

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21
Q

Tongue

A

Multiglandular/ mucous

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22
Q

Salivary glands

23
Q

Pharynx

Study These Flashcards
A

muscular sphincter

24
Q

Kidneys

Study These Flashcards
A

• Lobulated & elongated-R more cranial • Lack loop of Henle and renal pelvis

25
Urodeum
No bladder
26
Make reproductive system
• R & L testicles (no epididymis) • Hemipenes (pair) • Copulation only one is used • Spurs (positioning cloaca)
27
Female reproductive system
• Ovaries • Ovaducts (no uterus) • Cloaca
28
Cutaneous heat receptors
• Dermis & epidermis • Pit organs detect infrared heat
29
Ears
• Hearing and balance • No tympanic membrane • Middle ear non-existent • Inner ear similar to mammals/ vibrations
30
Smell
Vomeronasal organ
31
Eyes
• Harderian gland (moist) • No lacrimal glands • Poorly developed rectus muscles and limited rotational muscles • Lack scleral ossicles and cartilage • Dilation and contraction of pupil is voluntary
32
Housing
• Size • Type of Habitat (arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic) • Secure • Ventilation • Cleaning/disinfecting • Heat source (tape/lamps/outside enclosure) • Visual
33
Natural habitats
Naturalistic Simplistic
34
Naturalistic habitat
• Aspen, cypress, ground coconut shells • Sand used with extreme caution for dessert dwellers • Avoid potting soil –fertilizers and chemicals
35
Simplistic habitat
• Easy to clean • No enrichment, hard to control temperature and humidity • Indoor/outdoor carpet, Newspaper (ink is not toxic)
36
Heating
Outside enclosure Ectothermic Daily monitoring
37
Lighting
• Maintain day/night cycles • UV lighting (natural not as detrimental as diurnal lizards) • Do not allow to overheat if basking (car) • Summer/winter • No drafts
38
Water/humidity
• Hygrometers to monitor • Misting • Appropriate size bowl (soaking/don’t overfill) • Change water often/clean • Substrate that doesn’t pool • Monitor
39
Nutrition
• All are carnivores • Eat whole prey • Ca from bones • Defecate undigested parts • Health of prey item • Balanced • proper thawing
40
Anorexia
• Cold prey (heat seeking) • Motion • Color of prey (white vs neutral) • Environmental temperature (regurgitate if to cold/won’t eat) • Shedding • Respiratory disorder • Hide box
41
Reproductive
• Cloacal prolapse (which organ/straining or copulation) • Hemipenile prolapse or paraphimosis • Oviductal or shell gland prolapse
42
Obstructive Dystocia
inability to deliver eggs or young, anatomical defects, fetal defects
43
Non obstructive Dystocia
husbandry, infection, poor physical condition, improper nesting site, humidity, temperature.
44
Causes of Dysecdysis
• Poor husbandry, temperature, humidity, malnutrition • Stress, handling, metabolic disorders
45
Increased Ecdysis
• Hyperthyroidism • Dermatitis
46
Cardiovascular disorders
• Hypocalcemia • Hypercalcemia with hypervitaminosis D3 • Endocarditis • CHF • Cardiomyopathy • Vitamin E deficiency
47
Respiratory
• Pneumonia (bacterial/fungal/viral/parasitic) • Masses, trauma, dehydration, substrate
48
• Infectious stomatitis (bacterial) “mouth rot”
• Poor husbandry, POTZ, stress • Rubbing cage walls • Live prey causing small abrasions
49
Urinary
• Renal dysfunction (older snakes) • Gout – excess protein metabolism leading to urate acid production • Bacterial nephritis
50
Eye
• Retained spectacles (common/dysecdysis) • Pseudobuphthalmos (Obstruction of nasolacrimal duct • Subspectacle abscesses
51
Paramyxovirus
• Respiratory • Incubation 21 days with grave prognosis • Highly contagious
52
Inclusion body disease (IBD)
• Viral, CNS, “star-gazing” • Boids (Boas, pythons) • Fatal/euthanasia
53
Lumps and bumps
• Neoplasia • Abscess • Parasites
54
• Most pathogens bacterial causing GI issues
• Salmonella • Campylobacter • Klebsiella • Enterobacter • Yersinia • Pseudomonas • Mycobacterium • Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Clin Path (16 decks)

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