Med Phys: Endocrine Phys Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Endocrine glands are ________ glands
A
ductless glands
2
Q
Endocrine glands release hormones where?
A
directly into the bloodstream
3
Q
autocrine signaling
A
cells respond to signaling substances that they themselves secrete
4
Q
paracrine signaling
A
Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.
5
Q
Endocrine signaling
A
Hormones released into bloodstream affecting distant cells.
6
Q
Pancreatic beta cells secreting insulin is an example of what type of signaling?
A
Autocrine signaling
7
Q
Cells respond to a hormone when they express the specific ____________ for that hormone
A
Receptor
8
Q
Endocrine system response to a hormone occurs within _____________
A
Minutes to hours
9
Q
Peptides and proteins are __________ soluble
A
Water
10
Q
Steroids are _________ soluble
A
lipid
11
Q
lipid soluble receptor location
A
usually intracellular
12
Q
Water soluble receptor location
A
plasma membrane
13
Q
Releasing and inhibitory hormones are secreted by the ________________
A
Hypothalamus
14
Q
Tropic hormones are secreted by endocrine cells in the _________________
A
Anterior pituitary gland
15
Q
Tropic hormones control functional activity of some ___________________
A
Peripheral endocrine glands
16
Q
Peripheral hormones exert main effects on target _______________
A
Non-endocrine organs
17
Q
When increased blood level of hormone directly or indirectly inhibits further secretion of the hormone. What feedback control is this?
A
Negative feedback control
18
Q
When increased blood level of hormone directly or indirectly stimulates further secretion of the hormone. What feedback control is this?
A
Positive feedback control
19
Q
Blood glucose level control is an example of what feedback?
A
Negative feedback
20
Q
Uterine contractions in child birth are an example of what feedback control?
A
Positive feedback control
21
Q
Decreased secretion of the hormone
A
Hyposecretion
22
Q
Primary hyposecretion/hyper-secretion deficit is in _________________
A
Endocrine cells that secrete the hormone (gland itself)
23
Q
Secondary hyposecretion/hyper-secretion deficit is involved with ________________
A
Decreased/increased secretion of the tropic hormone which stimulates secretory activity of the endocrine cells (pituitary gland)
24
Q
tertiary hyposecretion/hyper-secretion is involved with _____________
A
Decreased/increased secretion of the releasing hormone which stimulates secretion of the tropic hormone (hypothalamus)
25
Decreased responsiveness of target tissues to hormones is due to _________ _________ _________
Deficiency of hormone receptors
## Footnote
Receptor blockage by antagonists
Abnormality in post-receptor effects
26
Increases responsiveness of target tissues to hormones is due to __________ __________
Increased number of receptors
## Footnote
Abnormal stimulation of receptors by autoimmune antibodies
27
Neural connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
28
Connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
29
Portal vessels carry tropic hormones to the ____________
Anterior pituitary
30
Anterior Pituitary hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
## Footnote
Prolactin and GH
31
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH exercise their effect on ______________ cells/tissues/glands
Target endocrine
32
Prolactin and GH exert their direct effect on ____________ tissues
Target non-endocrine
33
One hypophysiotropic hormone modulates secretion of ________________________
Several hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
34
GH is secreted from
anterior pituitary
35
In what two ways does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone?
GH releasing hormone (GHRH)
## Footnote
GH inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin (SS)
36
GH can act in what two ways?
Directly or through somatomedins
37
Insulin-like growth factors stimulated by GH:
IGF-I
## Footnote
IGF-II
38
Somatomedin-C exerts a __________ action on secretion of what hormone
Exerts a direct inhibitory action on secretion of growth hormone
39
How would lethargy, and disease impact GH secretion?
Inhibit
40
How would a decrease in blood sugar impact GH secretion?
Increase GH secretion
41
When is GH released the most?
during sleep/at night
42
How would hypoglycemia impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
43
How would Somatostatin impact GH secretion?
Inhibit
44
How would Protein intake impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
45
How would hyperglycemia impact GH secretion?
Inhibit
46
How would Fasting impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
47
How would Somatomedins impact GH secretion?
Inhibit
48
How would increase in fatty acids impact GH secretion?
Inhibit
49
How would exercise impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
50
How would Non-REM sleep impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
51
How would stressful stimuli impact GH secretion?
Stimulate
52
GH has a major effect on what areas of the body specifically?
Skeletal muscles
## Footnote
Long bones
Viscera
Glands
53
How does growth hormone impact cell size and number
Increases cell size and number
54
How does GH impact bone thickness and length?
Increases bone thickness and length
55
How does GH impact protein synthesis?
Stimulates protein synthesis
56
How does GH impact hepatic glucose output?
Increases
57
How does GH impact insulin?
Antagonizes insulin by decreasing glucose uptake into muscles and adipose tissues
58
How does GH impact fat mobilization?
Increases fat mobilization
59
How does GH impact absorption of Ca2+ and phosphorus?
Increases reabsorption
60
How does GH impact renal excretion of Na+ and K+?
Decreases renal excretion of Na+ and K+
61
Having excess growth hormone can impact lean body mass in what way?
Increase lean body mass
62
Having excess growth hormone can impact bone and skeletal growth in what way?
Cause overgrowth
63
Having excess growth hormone can impact level of blood glucose and insulin in what way?
Cause hyperglycemia and insulin resistance
64
Having excess growth hormone can impact blood pressure in what way?
Cause hypertension and heart failure
65
An Increase or decreases in GH will cause Gynecomastia and Galactorrhoea?
Increase/excess
66
An Increase or decreases in GH will cause Bi-temporal hemianopia?
Increase/excess
67
Excess GH before puberty causes ___________
gigantism
68
Excess GH after puberty causes _________
acromegaly
69
How are the teeth and tongue impacted with acromegaly?
Interdental separation
## Footnote
Large tongue
70
How are the hands and feet impacted with acromegaly?
Enlarged hands and feet
71
Can acromegaly impact the spine?
Yes, can cause bowing of spine
72
How does acromegaly impact heart size?
Causes cardiomegaly
73
Does acromegaly impact blood pressure?
Yes, causes HTN
74
Are visual field defects seen in acromegaly? And why?
Yes due to compression of optic chiasm by pituitary tumor
75
Is gynecomastia seen in acromegaly?
Yes
76
How is body hair impacted with acromegaly?
Excessive body hair
77
GH deficiency can impact energy and mood in what way?
Reduced energy and depressed mood
78
GH deficiency would lead to an increased need for _________
Sweets
79
How does growth hormone deficiency impact body mass and muscle strength?
Reduced body mass and muscle strength
80
How does growth hormone deficiency impact body fat and LDLs
Increased body fat and increased LDL
81
How does GH deficiency impact BMR and exercise performance?
Reduced BMR and decreased exercise performance
82
In children, a GH deficiency before Puberty causes __________
Dwarfism
83
Pituitary dwarfism is a GH __________
Deficiency
84
Laron Dwarfism is a GH ____________
Insensitivity
85
How does Pituitary Dwarfism impact stature, muscle strength, and bone density?
Short stature
## Footnote
Reduced muscle strength
Decreased bone density
86
Laron Dwarfism is a problem with a?
Receptor
87
Do those with Laron Dwarfism have normal amounts of growth hormone?
Yes, normal growth hormone level
88
Prolactin is secreted by
anterior pituitary
89
Prolactin promotes ___________ growth and development
Breast growth and development
90
Prolactin causes the production of __________
Milk
91
Prolactin inhibits the effects of ________ and ________
LH and FSH
92
The inhibition of LH and FSH because of Prolactin impacts the menstrual cycle in what way?
No menstruation when prolactin is being produced.
93
How does prolactin impact ovulation in lactating women?
Prevents ovulation
94
The hypothalamus controls prolactin secretion in what two ways?
1. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) or (dopamine)
## Footnote
2. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
95
Prolactin is secreted in a pulsatile manner which means what?
Secretion higher at night and during sleep
96
How does nursing impact prolactin secretion?
Stimulates prolactin
97
How does suckling impact prolactin secretion?
Stimulates prolactin
98
How does pregnancy impact prolactin secretion?
Stimulates prolactin
99
How does sleep, stress, and exercise impact prolactin secretion?
Stimulates prolactin
100
How does L-dopa and Dopamine impact prolactin secretion?
Inhibit prolactin secretion
101
How does somatostatin impact prolactin secretion?
Inhibit prolactin secretion
102
In women hyper-prolactinaemia leads to:
Secondary amenorrhea and infertility
## Footnote
Galactorrhea
103
In men hyper-prolactinaemia leads to:
Gynecomastia
## Footnote
Decreased sperm count
104
Hormones of Posterior Pituitary
oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
105
Oxytocin impacts mammary glands in what way?
Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial mammary glands and causes milk let-down
106
Stimulus for contraction of mammary glands
Suckling
## Footnote
Sight of baby
107
Oxytocin impacts uterine contraction in what way?
Stimulates contraction of myometrial cells
108
How does stretching the cervix (facilitate child-birth) impact oxytocin?
Stimulates oxytocin
109
How does progesterone impact uterine sensitivity to oxytocin?
Decreases sensitivity
110
How does estrogen impact uterine sensitivity to oxytocin?
Increases sensitivity
111
How is oxytocin impacted by alcohol and fear?
Inhibited
112
ADH (vasopressin) stimulates _________ of water in the kidney tubules and sweat glands
Reabsorption
113
How does ADH (vasopressin) impact blood vessels? And how does this impact blood pressure
Causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure
114
ADH (vasopressin) acts on ________ receptors in the kidney to increase H20 permeability
V2
115
ADH (vasopressin) acts on _________ receptors in arterioles to cause vasoconstriction
V1
116
ADH exerts its effect on V1 receptors only in high concentrations. What is the reason for this?
Affinity of V1 receptors for ADH is lower than that of V2
117
What stimulates the release of ADH?
high blood osmotic pressure
118
A 65-year-old female patient presents with signs of hypothyroidism, including weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. Blood tests show low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4), but his TSH levels are elevated. What type of endocrine dysfunction does this patient likely have?
A) Primary hypothyroidism
119
A 65-year-old female patient presents with signs of hypothyroidism, including weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. Blood tests show low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4), and low TSH levels. What type of endocrine dysfunction does this patient likely have?
B) Secondary hypothyroidism
120
A 10-year-old child has been growing abnormally fast and is much taller than his peers. Blood tests show elevated growth hormone (GH) levels, and imaging reveals a tumor in his pituitary gland. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition on the child's growth?
B) Increased linear bone growth and height
121
A 30-year-old woman has been experiencing irregular menstrual cycles and galactorrhea (milk production unrelated to pregnancy). A prolactin test shows abnormally high prolactin levels. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
B) Prolactinoma (benign pituitary tumor)
