Neuro: Sleep And Conscious State

Question 1

Does sleep represent a loss of consciousness?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

What are the two systems required for consciousness?

Answer 2

Reticular Activating System

Thalamo-Cortical-Thalamic Loops

Question 3

Damage to any level of the Reticular Activating system would result in what?

Answer 3

A loss of consciousness

Question 4

Damage to Thalamo-Cortical-Thalamic Loops system would result in what?

Answer 4

A loss of consciousness

Question 5

Where is the hypocretin/orexin system located?

Answer 5

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 6

Dysfunction with the hypocretin/orexin system will result in what?

Answer 6

Narcolepsy - sudden and rapid transition from wake state into sleep

Question 7

Where is the histaminergic system located?

Answer 7

Posterior hypothalamus

Question 8

Dysfunction of the histaminergic system results in what?

Answer 8

Drowsiness or lapse into sleep

Question 9

Basal forebrain cholinergic systems send projections to __________ and ___________

Answer 9

Hippocampus and cortex

Question 10

Noradrenergic (norepinephrine) system send projections throughout the __________ and promote __________

Answer 10

Cortex and Limbic regions

Promote arousal/alertness

Question 11

Serotonergic systems send projections throughout the ___________ and promote _____________

Answer 11

Cortex and Limbic regions

Promote arousal/alertness

Question 12

Beta waves (EEG) represent what state?

Answer 12

Wake state, eyes open and active

Question 13

Alpha waves (EEG) represent what state?

Answer 13

Wake state, eyes closed, relaxed

Question 14

Theta waves (EEG) represent what state?

Answer 14

Drowsy/sleepy

Question 15

Delta waves (EEG) represent what state?

Answer 15

Sleeping

Question 16

Does EEG activity flatline during sleep?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What EEG waves are associated with REM sleep?

Answer 17

Beta-like

Question 18

Dreaming and other cognitive/emotional activity is associated with what stage of sleep?

Answer 18

REM stage

Question 19

Memory consolidation during sleep occurs during __________ rhythm periods

Answer 19

Theta

Question 20

Sleep onset involves the gradual reduction in ________ activity

Answer 20

RAS

Question 21

Low RAS activity permits the __________ stage of sleep to begin

Answer 21

Non-REM

Question 22

How does RAS activity change during REM sleep?

Answer 22

RAS activity increases

Question 23

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the _____________ nucleus

Answer 23

Suprachiasmatic

Question 24

How can activity, stress and anxiety impact sleep onset?

Answer 24

Delay it

Question 25

Sleep onset requires what to occur with the RAS?

Answer 25

RAS activity must be reduced

Question 26

How must the arousal/alertness systems be altered for sleep onset?

Answer 26

Reduction in activity of these systems must occur ## Footnote (hypocretin/orexin system, histamine system, cholinergic systems, noradrenergic systems, serotonergic systems)

Question 27

Impairment in hypocretin/orexin system leads to __________

Answer 27

Narcolepsy

Question 28

When does pineal gland release melatonin?

Answer 28

At night, during darkness

Question 29

RAS and Arousal/Alertness systems are inhibited by _______________ neurons in the ________ area

Answer 29

GABA neurons in Preoptic area

Question 30

VLPO

Answer 30

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Question 31

VLPO sends Gabaergic projections to nuclei of ___________ systems and to the pontine cholinergic neurons of _________

Answer 31

Arousal systems ## Footnote RAS

Question 32

What do REM-on neurons do during REM sleep and dreaming? Why do they do this?

Answer 32

REM-on neurons initiate suppression of lower motor neurons to suppress limb movement during REM and dreaming ## Footnote This is done to prevent sleep-walking

Question 33

Are lower motor neurons of the Oculomotor system suppressed during REM sleep? What does this cause?

Answer 33

No they are not suppressed, this leads to rapid eye movements

Question 34

Circuitry: REM-on neurons project to _______ and activate __________ neurons

Answer 34

Medulla and activate glycine neurons

Question 35

Circuitry continued: glycine neurons that are activated project to _________ in spinal cord and inhibit the __________

Answer 35

LMNs in spinal cord and inhibit the LMNs

Question 36

Current medical treatment of insomnia

Answer 36

Various GABAa receptors agonists

Question 37

Can anti-histamines and anti-anxiety Rx impact sleep, and be used for insomnia even if that is not the intended impact of the drugs?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

How do GABAa prescriptions impact sleep architecture?

Answer 38

Does not allow normal sleep architecture cycling pattern

Question 39

What is status epilepticus?

Answer 39

Unusual seizure lasting until medical intervention

Question 40

EEG activity with Brain death

Answer 40

No EEG activity is shown

Question 41

What EEG waves are seen during a Coma?

Answer 41

Delta or gamma

Question 42

What EEG waves are associated with Vegetative state?

Answer 42

Sleep stage cycling is shown

Question 43

How does an EEG appear when a person has Locked-In Syndrome

Answer 43

Normal

Question 44

With Locked-in syndrome, how will the patient appear?

Answer 44

Unconscious but is actually fully conscious

Question 45

How are Cranial nerves impacted with Locked-In Syndrome?

Answer 45

CN 3/4 would appear ok, which corresponds with why patients can complete vertical eye movements to communicate. ## Footnote CN 6 and below are all impaired

Question 46

Catatonic is a form of schizophrenia in which what happens?

Answer 46

a form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not move

Question 47

Catatonic EEG waves

Answer 47

Appear as wake state EEG waves