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Block 8 > Med Phys: Gastrointestinal Phys > Flashcards

Med Phys: Gastrointestinal Phys Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

The digestive system transfers what 3 things from ingested food into the body’s internal environment?

A

Nutrients, Waters, Electrolytes

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2
Q

The digestive system performs what 4 functions?

A

Motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption

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3
Q

Layers of digestive tract wall?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
    - Outer longitudinal muscle
    - Inner circular muscle
  4. serosa
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4
Q

Two types of digestive motility?

A

Propulsive movements and mixing movements

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5
Q

Peristalsis requires what muscle contractions?

A

Circular and longitudinal muscle

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6
Q

Peristalsis helps to:

A

Push food bolus forward

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7
Q

Segmentation requires __________ muscle layer?

A

Circular

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8
Q

Segmentation helps to:

A

Mix food with digestive enzymes so that food molecules can be broken down

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9
Q

What channel opens to cause smooth muscle action potential?

A

Ca2+ channel

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10
Q

Interstitial cells of Cajal spread along smooth cells and cause what?

A

Spontaneous depolarizing

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11
Q

What connects interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth muscle cells?

A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

Digestive secretions consist of what 3 things?

A

Water, Electrolytes, Specific organic constituents

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13
Q

Digestion is the biochemical breakdown of ________ into _________?

A

Complex foodstuffs into smaller absorbable units

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14
Q

Complex foodstuffs and their absorbable units?

A
  • Carbohydrates–>monosaccharides
  • Proteins–> amino acids
  • Fats–>glycerol and fatty acids
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15
Q

Saliva contents?

A

Water, Amylase, mucus, lysozyme

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16
Q

Salivary amylase begins digestion of ___________?

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

Saliva facilitates?

A

Swallowing

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18
Q

Saliva mucus provides __________?

A

Lubrication

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19
Q

Lysozyme in saliva destroys ________?

A

Bacteria

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20
Q

Thinking of food, Seeing food, or smelling food activates __________?

A

Salivary secretion

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21
Q

Pressure receptors and chemoreceptors in the mouth activate what?

A

Salivary center in medulla

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22
Q

Pharyngeoesophageal sphincter provides what function?

A

Keeps entrance closed to prevent large volumes of air

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23
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter provides what function?

A

Prevents reflux of gastric contents

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24
Q

An issue with the gastroesophageal sphincter can cause what?

A

Acid reflux

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25
Chewed food + saliva = ?
Bolus
26
Secondary peristaltic wave is triggered if?
Stretch receptors indicate food remains in esophagus
27
Secondary peristalsis wave is controlled by what a ________ plexus?
Local nerve plexus
28
Primary peristalsis wave is due to ________ innervation?
Parasympathetic
29
The stomach lies between _________ and ____________?
Esophagus and small intestine
30
Pyloric sphincter serves as a barrier between ________ and __________?
Stomach and upper part of small intestine
31
Receptive relaxation enhances the stomach's ability to?
Accommodate extra volume of food with little rise in stomach pressure
32
Stomach volume when empty?
50 mL
33
Stomach volume during a meal?
1000 mL
34
Receptive relaxation is mediated by the __________ nerve?
Vagus nerve
35
Stomach and intestine motility is mediated by the _______ nerve?
Vagus nerve
36
Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) is initiated by _______________?
Interstitial cells of Cajal
37
Intestine strength of contraction varies with the frequency of ___________?
Action potential
38
How would increased calcium impact strength of AP?
Increase the strength of action potential
39
How is emptying impacted when the peristaltic contraction reaches the pyloric sphincter?
No further emptying takes place
40
Mixing of the chyme is accomplished when?
Chyme is propelled forward and tosses back into the antrum with each peristaltic contraction
41
What is the main factor that influences strength of contraction with Gastric Emptying?
Amount of chyme in stomach
42
Increased fluidity impacts emptying in what way?
Allows more rapid emptying
43
Factors in the duodenum that influence the rate of gastric emptying?
Fat, acid, hypertonicity, distension
44
When fat is already in the duodenum, further gastric emptying of additional fatty food is ___?
Prevented
45
Unneutralized acid in the duodenum inhibits?
Further emptying of acidic gastric contents
46
Gastric emptying is reflexly inhibited when osmolarity of duodenal contents starts to ________?
Rise
47
Too much chyme in the duodenum __________ emptying of gastric contents?
Inhibits
48
Factors in the duodenum that influence the rate of gastric emptying (Fat, Acid, Hypertonicity, and Distention) trigger either _________ or ___________?
Neural response or hormonal response
49
Hormonal response in gastric emptying involves what hormones?
Secretin, CCK
50
Sadness and fear impact gastric motility in what way?
Decrease motility
51
Anger and aggression impact gastric motility in what way?
Increase motility
52
Mucous cells secrete what?
Alkaline mucus
53
Chief cells secrete what?
Pepsinogen
54
Parietal cells secrete what?
HCl and intrinsic factor
55
ECL cells secrete what?
Histamine
56
G cells of the stomach secrete?
Gastrin
57
D cells in stomach secrete?
Somatostatin
58
Stimuli for mucous cell secretion?
Mechanical stimulation by contents
59
Chief cells stimuli for secretion?
ACh and gastrin
60
Parietal cells stimuli for secretion?
ACh, gastrin, histamine
61
ECL cells stimuli for secretion?
ACh and gastrin
62
G cells stimuli for secretion?
Protein products, ACh
63
D cells stimuli for secretion?
Acid
64
Vomiting causes metabolic _____?
Alkalosis
65
HCl activates pepsinogen into _____.
Pepsin
66
HCl aids in the breakdown of ______ and ______?
Connective tissue and muscle fibers
67
HCl denatures what?
Proteins
68
HCl along with salivary lysozyme kills __________?
Microorganism ingested with food
69
When the patient has a buildup of acid what is good to prescribe?
Omeprazole - proton pump inhibitor
70
Phases of gastric secretion?
Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
71
Cephalic phase refers to increases secretion of HCL and pepsinogen that occurs in response to stimuli acting in the __________ before food reaches stomach?
Head
72
Gastric phase begins when food reaches the _________?
Stomach
73
Intestinal phase helps shut off flow of __________ as chyme begins to empty into small intestine?
Gastric juices
74
Histamine acts locally on ________ cells?
Parietal
75
Histamine potentiates effects of?
Gastrin and ACh
76
Ranitidine is an inhibitor of?
Gastric acid secretion
77
Ranitidine is used for:
D. Peptic Ulcer
78
Increase in somatostatin causes decreased ____________?
Decreased gastric secretion
79
Gastric mucosal barrier enables the stomach to contain acid without ____________?
Injuring itself
80
Treatment of peptic ulcer?
Combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor to eliminate H. pylori
81
The pancreas is a mixture of _______ and _______ tissue?
Exocrine and endocrine
82
Endocrine function of pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
83
The islets of Langerhans secrete:
Insulin and glucagon
84
Exocrine function of pancreas?
Secretes digestive enzymes (pancreatic and aqueous alkaline solution)
85
Exocrine secretion of pancreas is regulated by _______ and _______?
Secretin and CCK
86
Fat & protein products in duodenal lumen cause what cascade that leads to digestion?
Increase CCK release from duodenal mucosa -> pancreatic acinar cells -> increase secretin of pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenal lumen which digests fat and proteins
87
Acid in duodenal lumen cause what cascade that leads to digestion?
Increase secretin release from duodenal mucosa -> pancreatic duct cells -> increase secretin of aqueous NaHCO3- solution into duodenal lumen which neutralizes acid
88
The liver receives blood from two sources?
1. Hepatic artery (oxygenated blood) 2. Hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated blood with newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and possible microbes and toxins from the GI tract)
89
Blood leaves the liver via?
Hepatic vein
90
Secreted bile salts consist of 95% ______________________ and 5% _____________________?
95% old, recycled bile salts 5% newly synthesized bile salts
91
95% of bile salts are reabsorbed by the?
Terminal ileum
92
5% of bile salts are lost in?
Feces
93
Migrating motor complex occurs when?
Between meals
94
Migrating motility complex is regulated by ____________ which is secreted during what state?
Regulated by hormone motilin Secreted during unfed/fasting state
95
Gluten enteropathy causes a reduction in ___________?
Brush border
96
Glucose and galactose are absorbed into epithelial cells by ______?
Na+ and energy dependent secondary active transport
97
Where is fat absorbed into?
Lymph
98
Vomiting and diarrhea can cause _________?
Dehydration

Block 8 (33 decks)

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