Neuro: Nervous System Development And Disorders

Question 1

Neural crest forms the ________ and __________

Answer 1

PNS and meninges

Question 2

Neural tube forms the ________ and _________

Answer 2

Spinal cord and brain

Question 3

The neural tube becomes different levels of the CNS including the ________, ________ and ___________

Answer 3

Optic cup, retina and CN II

Question 4

What occurs when there is a deficit in anterior neuropore closure?

Answer 4

Anencephaly

Question 5

Anencephaly can be triggered by ______________

Answer 5

Benign maternal viruses

Question 6

4th ventricle lies between

Answer 6

pons and cerebellum

Question 7

What occurs with a vertebral and spinal canal closure defect?

Answer 7

Spina Bifida

Question 8

Does herniation occur with Spina Bifida Occulta?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What herniates with Spina Bifida Cystica?

Answer 9

Spinal and meninges

Question 10

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a herniation of?

Answer 10

Cerebellar Tonsil through foramen magnum

Question 11

Cerebellar tonsil herniation can potentially cause compression of the _________ and ___________

Answer 11

Medulla and 4th ventricle

Question 12

Arnold-Chiari malformation are often times NOT symptomatic BUT sometimes can be associated with what?

Answer 12

Syringobulbia - fluid filled lesion at center of medulla

Syringomyelia - fluid filled lesion at spinal cord

Question 13

Is the pupillary dilation pathway altered when a syringomyelia is present?

Answer 13

Yes, pupillary dilation could possibly be impacted

Question 14

How can Dandy-Walker Malformation impact the Oculomotor system?

Answer 14

Full range of movements but control of those movements would be impacted

Question 15

What occurs with aqueductal atresia, and what happens because of this?

Answer 15

Closure of cerebral aqueduct or failure to form the cerebral aqueduct

This leads to hydrocephalus upstream in the 3rd V and lateral ventricles

Question 16

Lissencephaly

Answer 16

smooth brain, no gyri

Question 17

Pachygyria

Answer 17

Excessive growth of gyri

Question 18

Microgyria

Answer 18

Deficient growth of gyri

Question 19

With development of brain regions from neural tube, neuroblasts proliferate in the ___________ zone

Answer 19

Ventricular zone

Question 20

Neuroblasts migrate by climbing along ______________

Answer 20

Radial glia processes

Question 21

How does NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) impact neuron survival?

Answer 21

NGF is required for survival of neurons that form connections with its target

Question 22

By 2 years of age, is myelination in major systems complete?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

By 2 years of age, are corticospinal tracts and other descending tracts mature?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

By 2 years of age, are Basal Nuclei mature?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

By 2 years of age, are cerebellar systems mature?

Answer 25

Not fully, need more time to mature

Question 26

By 2 years of age, is visual, auditory, somatosensory, taste and smell mature?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

When does synapse formation/pruning stabilize? At what age?

Answer 27

By late adolescence or early adulthood

Question 28

White matter tracts and connections in cerebrum continue maturing into _____________

Answer 28

Early adulthood (20s)

Question 29

What cerebral region is the last to fully mature?

Answer 29

Prefrontal cortex

Question 30

Synaptogenesis continues until what age?

Answer 30

20's

Question 31

Does neurogenesis occur in adults? What is the exception

Answer 31

No ## Footnote Exception is in olfactory epithelium and bulb, subventricular zone, dentate gyrus

Question 32

What causes cerebral palsy?

Answer 32

Transient hypoxia/ischemia during birth

Question 33

What are lost with cerebral palsy?

Answer 33

Motor neurons

Question 34

Presentation of cerebral palsy

Answer 34

Degree of weakness, impaired motor coordination, hyper-flexion, reduced muscle tone, abnormal involuntary movements

Question 35

Distribution of cerebral palsy

Answer 35

Diffuse

Question 36

Temporal profile of cerebral palsy

Answer 36

Acquired, congenital