Neuro:PTSD

Question 1

Amygdala mediates behavioral autonomic and physiological responses to _________ cues

Answer 1

Olfactory

Question 2

How does the amygdala impact anxiety/fear responses?

Answer 2

Drives automatic anxiety/fear responses

Question 3

The amygdala is crucial when a _________ stimulus becomes associated with a reward or fear-inducing ___________ stimulus

Answer 3

Neutral/conditioned, unconditioned

Question 4

What is damaged in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 4

Complete amygdala damage

Question 5

How is personality impacted with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 5

Personality becomes very docile

Question 6

How is behavioral inhibition impacted with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 6

Behavioral inhibition is lost, which can lead to inappropriate sexual behavior/advances

Question 7

How is feeding impacted with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 7

Loss of inhibition of feeding

Question 8

How is fear impacted with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 8

Reduced/absent fear of new environments or other specific novel stimuli

Question 9

Activity in amygdala correlates with subjective level of _____________

Answer 9

anxiety/fear

Question 10

Amygdala enhances memory for highly ___________ or ____________ emotional stimuli/events

Answer 10

Positive or negative

Question 11

The amygdala drives behavioral, autonomic and hormonal responses to _________ and _________ stimuli

Answer 11

Stress and negative

Question 12

What is trauma defined as?

Answer 12

An event that is a real or perceived life-threatening event or a real or perceived risk of serious injury

Question 13

Having frequent bouts of __________ is a sign of PTSD

Answer 13

Anxiety

Question 14

Hyper-________ or Hyper-________ are signs of PTSD

Answer 14

Hyper-vigilance or Hyper-arousal

Question 15

Feeling constantly on edge, on guard against threats, often inappropriate for the situation is a sign of ________

Answer 15

PTSD

Question 16

Insomnia/Nightmares/Flashbacks are signs of ________

Answer 16

PTSD

Question 17

What are triggers in PTSD?

Answer 17

Specific, non-threatening sensory cues, situations or environments that trigger intense fear

Question 18

Those with PTSD show avoidance. What does this mean?

Answer 18

Withdrawing from social contact or being in public situations

Question 19

What type of emotional reactions are shown in PTSD?

Answer 19

Volatile emotional reactions

Question 20

To be considered PTSD, symptoms and signs must persist for how long?

Answer 20

More than 1 month

Question 21

With PTSD, do symptoms cause a significant disruption of daily life?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

The minority of trauma-exposed individuals will develop _______

Answer 22

PTSD

Question 23

Elevated amygdala activity is linked to elevated ___________ symptoms

Answer 23

Anxiety-related

Question 24

Amygdala can be excessively activated by what type of stimuli?

Answer 24

Negative, angry or threatening

Question 25

How is amygdala impacted after injection of yohimbine which increases synaptic release of NE?

Answer 25

Elevated amygdala activity

Question 26

Drugs of abuse impact anxiety in what way?

Answer 26

Dampen anxiety so are often used by PTSD patients to 'self-medicate'

Question 27

How is basal cortisol release impacted in PTSD?

Answer 27

Reduced

Question 28

First line Rx of PTSD

Answer 28

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 29

2nd line Rx of PTSD

Answer 29

Other anti-depressants

Question 30

Triggers can continue to happen due to a failure in _____________ to conditioned stimulus

Answer 30

Extinction

Question 31

Triggers can continue to happen to a failure to distinguish between _________ and _____________

Answer 31

Conditioned stimulus and similar stimulus/contexts

Question 32

Learning that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the experienced outcome (shocks in mice experiment) is known as what?

Answer 32

Extinction of conditioned fear

Question 33

Activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex promotes _________ reactions to cues through activation of the _____________

Answer 33

Fear reactions to cues through activation of the amygdala

Question 34

Activity in the peri-genial cortex reduces _________ via inhibition of the __________

Answer 34

Fear via inhibition of the amygdala

Question 35

Activity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and peri-genual cortex in PTSD

Answer 35

Hyperactive Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex ## Footnote Hypoactive peri-genual cortex

Question 36

What type of therapy can be used to help extinguish fear to trigger stimuli in PTSD

Answer 36

Psychological therapies

Question 37

What are some techniques that can be used in psychological therapy to treat PTSD symptoms?

Answer 37

Exposure therapy ## Footnote Flooding ## Footnote Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy