Memory And Information Processing

Question 1

Wha is information processing

Answer 1

The set of activities done in a particular sequence which data produce information

Imput: stimuli ->decision made ->output: action

Question 2

What stages does welfords model include

Answer 2

3 stages:
Input of information (perception)
Throughout (decision making)
Output (response)

Question 3

What are the main sensory inputs used in information processing

Answer 3

Visual input
Auditory input
Touch input
Proprioceptive input

Question 4

Apply each of the sensory inputs to sporting information processing

Answer 4

Visual- use of visual cues to track movement and assess opponents/teammates, anticipating actions
Auditory- used in communication, response to instructions and detecting environmental sounds
Touch- physical sensations experienced through contact with objects, surfaces and athletes
Proprioceptive- fathered through Proprioceptive system providing feedback on positioning movement and balance

Question 5

Explain welfords model

Answer 5

Sensory input- information from the sense organs
Perception- the brain judging and interpreting information received and identifies key elements
[detection comparison recognition]
Selective attention- ability to block of task orientated stimuli and thoughts (filters relevant information)
DCR- greater experiences provide greater information to memory so more accurate DCR
Decision making- ability to use information to make correct decision
Memory-
STSS-> STM-> LTM
Effector control- selective movement is sent to muscles via motor neurones (no movement occurs until this stage)

Question 6

What is the interaction between STM and LTM when making a decision

Answer 6

-Decision made by comparing the current situation in STM with previous experiences in LTM to determine the appropriate action
-action and result stores for future references (allow process to restart)

Question 7

Identify a difference between Welford and Whitings model

Answer 7

Whitings model includes translatory mechanisms

Question 8

Explain whitings model

Answer 8

Input date from display- information from environment that overwhelms the senses
Receptor systems- sense organs
Perceptual mechanisms- information in STM is either ignored/filtered or selectively attended -passes to STM
Translatory mechanisms- where decision making occurs where a skill is chosen depending on environmental information and motor programme retrieved from LTM then put into action
Effector mechanism and muscular system - nerve impulses sent via motor neurones causing contraction
Feedback -(STM->LTM ~ KOR, KOP)

Question 9

What are the stages in whitings model (simplified)

Answer 9

Perceptual mechanisms
Translatory mechanisms
Effector mechanisms

Question 10

What is DCR

Answer 10

Decision
Choice
Response

Question 11

What are the 3 memory stores in information processing

Answer 11

short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 12

What is the STSS

Answer 12

[Short term sensory store]
Receives information directly from the environment via senses
-sight, sound, touch, proprioceptors
Attention must be paid to relevant cues in order for them to be processed

Question 13

What is the STM

Answer 13

Often referred to as working memory as conscious thought and decision making occurs here
Must be rehearsed in order to be transferred to LTM
Capacity of 7 +/-2 items
Duration of 18-30 secs

Question 14

What is LTM

Answer 14

Stores skills, experiences, knowledge and past experiences that can be recalled by STSS when cues are similar
-stored as schemas
Unlimited capacity
Duration lasts a lifetime

Question 15

Strategies to improve STSS/selective attention

Answer 15

Experience
Arousal- more alert, more likely to select relevant cues
Quality of instructions- beginners unsure of relevant cues
Intensity of stimulus- effectiveness of senses when detecting
Attentional narrowing- training in front of a crowd
Visualisation- mental rehearsal
Attentional cues / focus drills

Question 16

Strategies to improve retention/retrieval , efficiency of STM/LTM

Answer 16

Chunking- managable pieces, storage capacity of STM expanded
Repetitive drills
Make sessions exciting (memorable)
Reinforce key aspects (don’t move on too quickly)
Avoid overstimulation/information overload (focus on relevant cues)
Mental rehearsal