Memory Evaluations Flashcards
(24 cards)
What did Glanzer and Cunitz find regarding the MSMM?
That the STM and LTM are separate
Found words at the start and end of word lists were more easily recalled (primary recency effect)
What did Sperling find regarding the capacity and duration of SR?
Recall of random row of a 12 letter grid flashed for a twentieth of a second was 75%
Suggesting all rows were stored in the SR (large capacity) but not all 12 could be written as items were forgotten = short duration
What did Jacobs find regarding the capacity of the STM?
Found the recall for lists of letters averaged 7 items for letters and 9 for numbers
This can be improved by chunking
Suggests STM has a store of 7+/- 2
What did Peterson and Peterson find regarding the duration of STM?
Found recall of 3 letter trigrams (eg HFR, TSF) was less than 10% after 18 seconds of performing an inference task
Suggests STM duration is very short (18-30 seconds)
Positive Evaluations of Multistore model of memory overview
Glanzer and Cunitz (STM and LTM separate)
Sperling (SR large capacity byt short duration)
Jacobs (STM capacity is 7+/-2)
Peterson and Peterson (STM duration short)
Negative Evaluations Multi Store Model
Cognitive tests of models of memory are done in labs and lack mundane realism and ecological validity
There are different types of LTM and WMM explains STM as a more active system with multiple stores
Case study supporting the different types of LTM
Clive Wearing has retrograde amnesia so can’t remember episodic memories like his wedding or his musical education
But can remember semantic memories (he knows hes married and hes a musician) and procedural memories (how to play the piano)
Suggests semantic, episodic & procedural memories are separate
Negative Evaluations of Types of LTM
Types of LTM may not be distinct as episodic and semantic are both declarative and we combine semantic and procedural to produce language
Case studies are very unique to the individual so it is difficult to make generalisations
Positive Evaluations of WMM
Baddley - Participants asked to do two visual tasks or a visual and verbal task
Found performance was much better when the tasks were not using the same processing
Suggests the VSS and PL are separate systems
WMM more accurate than STM component of MSM in describing how memory is used as an active processor
Negative Evaluation of WMM
Studies into memory lack mundane realism making findings ungeneralisable to day to day life
Retroactive Inference Evaluation
Schmidts questionnaire to 211 people found the more times an individual moved home, the fewer street names could be recalled
Suggests new street names makes recalling old street names harder
Proactive Inference Evaluation
Greenwood & Underwood gave participants a new 10 word list every 24 hours
Found previously learnt word combinations caused confusion in the coding of later word lists
Interference Negative Evaluations
Only explains forgetting sets of info are similar and learned together close in time
So doesn’t explain day to day examples of forgetting
What did Godden & Baddley find regarding context dependent cues?
Materials learnt underwater or on land
Found with divers that recall was best if they learnt in the same context as they tested
What did Overton find regarding state dependent cues?
Materials learnt drunk or sober
Found recall was best in the same internal state
What did Tulving & Pealstone find regarding category dependent cues?
Participants recalled either 48 words or matched 12 4-word categories
Found ppts recalled significantly more in the category condition
3 positive evaluations of cue dependent forgetting overview
Goddon & Baddley (context dependent cues)
Overton (state dependent cues)
Tulving & Pealstone (category dependent cues)
Negative evaluation cue dependent forgetting
Only explains temporary loss of memory not a permanent loss
Evaluation of Misleading Information
Loftus and Palmer 1974
Participants told to estimate the speed of a car crash
Different verbs were used (smash and bump) and those given smashed estimated a higher speed
Suggests leading questions can affect the accuracy of people’s memories of events
PED Evaluations
+ Bodner found when participants were warned about the danger of PED, witnesses changed their EWT less
– Lab research found EWT that has no emotional impact on the participant can be argued to have low validity when applied to real EWT
Positive Evaluations of Anxiety
Johnson & Scott found participants were weapon focused due to anxiety caused by the knife
Negative Evaluations of Anxiety
Deceitful research that causes anxiety breaks ethical guidelines (informed consent/protection from harm)
Positive Evaluation of Cognitive Interview
Milne and Bull found each aspect of CI produced a similar level of recall suggesting no one aspect is more important
Negative Evaluations of Cognitive Interview
Time consuming and requires more time than officers have available
Not effective with very young children as they can only see the world from their own perspective
