Micro Bio exam 1 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
what are microbes
A
a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organism.
2
Q
4 Categories of Bacteria
A
Category A (deadly) Category B (less deadly) Category C (not so bad) Genetically engineered
3
Q
Who discovered microbiology
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
4
Q
Major types of microbes
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Virsuses
5
Q
Symbiotic
A
An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits from their being together
6
Q
Ecosystem
A
Ecosystem: The Interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment.
7
Q
Pathogenic
A
Pathogenic: Able to cause harmful disease
8
Q
Bacteria characteristics
A
prokaryote, unicellular, reproduction by binary fissure, may be motile by flagella, PEPTIDOGLYCAN
9
Q
Cocci shape
A
round
10
Q
Bacilli shape
A
rod shape
11
Q
Spirilia shape
A
Spiral shape
12
Q
Vibrio shape
A
Curved shape
13
Q
Diplo meaning
A
2 or more
14
Q
Strepto meaning
A
a chain
15
Q
Straphalo meaning
A
a cluster
16
Q
Tetrad meaning
A
4 cocci
17
Q
Tetrad meaning
A
4 cocci
18
Q
Biofilms
A
Microbial communities that are very difficult to destroy; are considered for diseases such as bacterial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. They are a large threat because they resist methods used to control growth
19
Q
Hygiene
A
best avoidance of infection; ex: sterilization
20
Q
Microbes benefits and harms:
A
benefits in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material and providing nutrients for plants but can cause diseases.
21
Q
Gram Stain
A
A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (positive or negative)
22
Q
Peptidoglycan
A
a polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls
23
Q
Aerobic
A
living in the presence of oxygen
24
Q
Anaerobic
A
living without oxygen
25
Facultative Anaerobes
can live in both environments
26
Autotrophs
make their own food by using the energy of sunlight or chemical reactions
27
Chemoautotrophs
if energy is obtained by chemical reaction
28
Heterotrophs
obtained energy by consuming other organisms
29
Saprophytes
bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy
30
Saprophytes
bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy
31
Archaea characteristics
unicellular, prokaryotic, AND NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
32
Methanogens
methane producing organisms
33
Halophiles
archaeans that live in salty environments
34
Thermophiles
archaeans that live at extremely hot temps
35
Psychrophiles
cold temperature lovers
36
Archaea absorb sunglight and this leads to
formation of energy ATP
37
Fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores
38
Fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores. They absorb energy through tubes called hypahe
39
Protozoa characteristics
unicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall made of cellulose and divided into their mode of locomotion
40
Flagellates
produce their own food and use their whip to propel forward
41
Ciliates
have tiny hair that beat to produce movement
42
Amoeboids
have false feet
43
Sporozoans
non motile
44
Algae characteristics
unicellular or multi eukaryotes, live in damp habitats
45
Viruses characteristics
noncellular entities that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Considered non living. Cannot reproduce outside of a host.
46
Helminths
nonliving, eukaryotic, parasitic worms, the eggs are what are considered microbes
47
Biodiversity
Biodiversity- The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region
48
Biomass
Biomass- The total mass of a living things within a specific are or habitat.
49
Culturable
Culturable: Able to be cultured (grown in a suitable environment)
50
Microbio procedures must be
aseptic
51
Microbio procedures must be
aseptic
52
diffusion
from high concentration to low concentratioin
53
active transport
from low concentration to high concentration with energy input
54
Prokaryote characteristic
simple, unicellular organism that lacks an organized nucleus or other membrane bound organelle. Cell wall of a prokaryote act as an extra layer of protection and are very small that allows quick diffusion.
55
Nucleoid:
Nucleoid: The Irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized.
56
All cells share four common components:
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
57
Plasma membrane:
Plasma membrane: an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment; determines what goes in and out
58
Cytoplasm:
Cytoplasm: a jelly like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found
59
DNA:
DNA: the genetic material of the cell
60
Ribosomes:
Ribosomes: where protein synthesis occurs
61
As a cell grows it becomes less efficient due to
surface area to volume ratios
62
Receptor:
Receptor: A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions
63
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is a process by which molecules are transported across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.
(type of passive transport)
64
Carrier proteins aid in facilitated diffusion by
binding a particular substance then altering their shape to bring that substance into or out of the cell.
65
Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.
66
Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.
67
Sodium Potassium pump
The sodium potassium pump moves K+ into the cell while moving Na+ at a ratio of three Na+ for every two K+ ions.
68
Passive transport goes from
high to low
69
Gated channels are usually associated with
electrical impulses such as nerve and muscle cells.
70
Electrogenic pump:
Electrogenic pump: An ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity
71
Na+-K+ATPase:
Na+-K+ATPase: An enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells.
72
Binary Fission:
Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.
73
Binary Fission:
Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.
74
Gram Negative
Very thin gland of peptidoglycan
75
Gram Positive
very thick gland of peptidoglycan (attaches negative charge)
76
Effects of Endostin
blood clots, leaks into blood with alcohol
77
Endotoxin:
Endotoxin: Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.
78
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Any of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides
79
safranin gives the
red/pink color
80
LPS is to and classified as a
endotoxin with a strong immune system
81
Gram Stain:
Gram Stain: A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (gram positive and gram negative)
82
Mycoplasma
lack a cell wall because they live off of host and have cholesterol outside its structure.
83
Pink color means
negative
84
Purple color means
positive
85
Purple color means
positive
86
Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of
nutrients, and usually occurs in gram positive bacteria
87
Endospore:
Endospore: A dormant, tough, and non reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the firmicute phylum. Very difficult to destroy.
88
CARDS
Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrom
89
Hylaronic Acid
good for body
90
Hylaronic Acid
good for body
91
The purpose of the ribosome is to
translate messenger RNA into proteins with the aid of tRNA
92
All prokaryotes have __ ribosomes
70s
93
Eukaryotes contain larger than ___ ribosomes in their cytosol
80s
94
Translation:
Translation: a process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein.
95
Svedberg:
Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.
96
Svedberg:
Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.
97
The ribosome assemble amino acids into a
protein
98
The ribosome assemble amino acids into a
protein
99
Endospore Cycle
Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore
100
Endospore Cycle
Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore
101
Flagella
movement: embeded in membrane
102
Monotrichous
Polar (1 single flagella)
103
Lophotrichous
a bunch of flagella at one end
104
Peritrichous
flagella all over
105
Amphrichous
flagella at both ends
106
iodine binds to
crystal violet
107
Pilli
"bacteria sex" allows bacteria cells to get together
108
conjugation
sharign
109
Plasmids
circular pieces of dna w/ superpoers
110
Nucleoid
Where DNA is found
111
Nucleoid
Where DNA is found
112
Selective toxicity
we look for things that are different
113
Selective toxicity
we look for things that are different
114
basic stain
stains cell
115
acid stain
stains surroundings
116
Macronutrients
needed in huge amounts
| C H O N P S Na K
117
Micronutrients
needed in small amounts
| Cl Mg Ca Fe
118
Organic Nutrients
C and H
119
Inorganic nutrients
V complicated
120
Autotrophs
can use Co2
121
Heterotrophs
Organic molecules
122
Phototrophs
light energy source
123
Chemotroph
Chemical energy source
124
Microbial growth
bacteria growth is by dividing or reproducing
125
Exponential growth
unrestricted
126
Logarithmic
restricted
127
Generation time
time required for bacteria cell to divide
128
Lag phase
adjust to environment; makes new enzymes
129
Exponential
rapid growth
130
Stationary phase
depleted nutrients
131
Stationary phase
depleted nutrients, accumulated wastes and dying cells
132
Death phase
cells die faster than produced
133
Phagocytic cells produce
toxic O2
134
Superoxide radical
H2O2 +O2
135
Hydroxyl radical
from ionizing radiation and from incomplete H2O reduction
136
Throgycollate median
if it grows at top
137
Hyperthermophiles
65+ C temperature
138
Thermophiles
40 to 70 C temp
139
Mesophiles
10 to 50 C temp
140
pH value
0 acidic
| 13 Base
141
Acidophile
1 to 4.5 pH
142
Neutrophile
5.5 to 8.5 pH
143
Akaliphile
7.5 to 12 pH
144
Akaliphile
7.5 to 12 pH
145
Symbiosis: commensal
1 gets something out of it and 1 is unaffected
146
Symbiosis: parasitic
1 gets v happy
| 1 gets harmed
147
Symbiosis: mutualistic
both benefit
148
Symbiosis: mutualistic
both benefit
149
Quorum sensing
bacteria behave in a contain matter except when in big communities
150
Endosphores
dormant form of bacteria in poor environments lives in single bacteria
151
Sterilizations
kill all life forms
152
Disinfection
substances applied to non living objects to destroy microbes
153
Antiseptics
substances applied to living tissue or skin
154
Antibiotics
Anti microbial substance genrally transported through lymphatic system to destroy microbes
155
Sanitization
reduce # of targeted pathogenic organisms to acceptable levels
156
Bactericidal
kill bacteria
157
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth
158
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth
159
Highest dilution that prevents growth is
effective
160
Thermal death point
lowest temp that kills all cells in 10 minutes
161
Decimal Reduction time
how long it takes to kill 90% of cells
162
Boiling
moist heat (which is more effective than dry heat)
163
Autoclaving
true sterilization
164
Pasteurization
moist heat to kill pathogens for ex in dairy products/juices.
165
UHT Pasteurization
really high heat for a short period of time (1-3 secs)
166
Dry Heat
longer period of time exposure (incineration)
167
Refrigeration/Freezing
decreases metabolism, growth and reproduction (bacteriostatic)
168
Dessication
drying (beef jerky)
169
Dessication
drying (beef jerky)
170
Lyophilization
freezing and drying
171
Filtration
trying to get large solutes trapped in membranes liquid or air passed across membrane particles trapped in membrane
172
Osmotic pressure
salt or sugar desiccates the cell (jam)
173
Radiation
disrupts DNA structure
174
Chemical methods
alcohols, halogens, enzymes
175
Phenol
intermediate to low level disinfectants
176
Bisphenolics 2 types
orthophenylphenol and Triclosan
177
Alcohol
works better when diluted than straight; quickly evaporates and leaves no residue
178
Halogens
intermediate level (iodine, chlorine)
179
Oxidizing agents
good disinfective, bad antiseptic (peroxide)
180
Ozone
used in drinking water, more effective than chlorine but expensive.
181
Paracetic acid
effective for sparked used for food processing
182
Thimerosal
vaccines
183
Aldehydes
conservatives like sheep brain juice
184
Gluteraldehyde
liquid
185
Formaidehyde
gas
186
Gasesous Agents
extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds
187
Gasesous Agents
extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds
188
Inorganic:
Inorganic: Relating to a compound that does not contain carbon
189
Binary fission
Binary fission is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism.
190
Lag Phase:
Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.
191
Exponential
rapid growth, cells double
192
Lag Phase:
Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.
193
Mesophile
loves normal temp
