Microbio exam 2 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Broad spectrum
A
antibiotics affect a wide rang of bacteria
2
Q
Narrow Spectrum
A
Target specific types of bacteria such as gram positive or negative
3
Q
Antibacterial
A
a drug having the effect or killing or inhabiting bacteria
4
Q
3 classes of antibacterial antibiotics
A
lipopeptides, glycylclines, and oxazolidiones
5
Q
Gram Stain
A
a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups
6
Q
Gram Positive stain color
A
purple/blue color
7
Q
Gram negative
A
pink/red color
8
Q
Bactericidal
A
kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
9
Q
Bacteriostatic
A
slows bacteria growth by inferring with bacterial protein production, DNA replication and other bacterial cellular metabolism
10
Q
MBC
A
minium bactericidal concentration: minimum concentration of drug which can kill 99.99% of the population
11
Q
silent carriers
A
carriers that have no sign of disease but have disease
12
Q
B-Lactam and glycopeptide
A
inhibit or interfere with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria
13
Q
Cell wall
A
helps maintain shape and avoid damage
14
Q
Plasma membrane
A
semipermeable membrane that surrounds cytoplasm
15
Q
Antimicrobial drugs inhabit nucleic acid synthesis through differences in
A
prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes
16
Q
replication
A
process by which an object, person, place or idea may be copied mimicked or reproduced
17
Q
transcription
A
the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
18
Q
Protein synthesis inhibitors are substances that disrupt the processes that lead directly to the
A
generation of new protein cells
19
Q
translation
A
a process occurring in the ribosomes in which a strand of mRNA guides the assembly of a sequence of amino acids
20
Q
antimicrobial
A
substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
21
Q
MIC
A
minimum inhibitory concentration; the lowest drug concentration that prevents visible microorganism growth after overnight incubation. (does not kill it)
22
Q
locus
A
point on the body where a pathogen enters
23
Q
pathogen
A
any organism or substance capable of causing disease
24
Q
infectious
A
transmissible or communicable with clinical evident illness
25
contagious
having a disease that can be transmitted to another person by touch
26
infection
an uncontrolled growth of harmful MO in a host
27
infection begins when an organisms successfully
colonizes a host by entering the host's body, growing and multiplying from there.
28
individuals who are weak or sick have
increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections
29
vaccination
inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect a particular disease or strain
30
Opportunistic infection
any infection that causes disease and occurs only when the host's immune system is impaired
31
microbiota
the microbial flora by normal healthy people
32
two types of cooperation: and what do they do
Altruism and mutualism
altruism- reagard for others
Mutualism- a relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit
33
Attachment of bacteria to host surface often added by
pili or fimbrae
34
Transmission
is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.
35
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in set populations
36
epidemic
a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population
37
outbreak
occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected
38
pandemic
a disease that hits a wide geographical area and affects a large proportion of the population
39
susceptible
likely to be affected
40
nosocomial
contracted in a hospital or arising from hospital treatment
41
What antibiotics do
inhibit/infere with cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, disrupt unique components of cytoplasmic membrane
42
B Lactcams inhibit
peptidoglycan synthesis
43
glycopeptide
prevents addition of new units to a growing cell all
44
linezoid
prevents formation of initiation complex
45
tetracycline and tigecyline
blocks A cite
46
Aminogylcosides
interfere with proofreading
47
Chloramphnicol
blocks peptide transfer step of elongate on 50s subbing in bacteria and mitochondria
adverse effects: leukemia
48
Macrolides
inhibit ribosomal translocation. May cause debilitating myopathy when mixed with stains
49
Nucleic acid systhesis inhibitors
rifampin and quinolones
50
rifampin
blocks mRNA syn.
51
Quinolones
inhibits DNA syn.
52
Metabolic pathways inhibitors
antifolates, pyrimidnes, and purine analogues
53
R plasmid
a ring within a cell
54
Bacterial transformation (horizontal gene transfer)
release of DNA w/ antibiotic resistance gene
55
Bacterial transduction (horizontal gene transfer)
release of phage
56
Bacterial conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)
bacterial sex (seems equal)
57
Kirby B diffusion of susceptibility test: Susceptible and resistant
susceptible means antibiotics work
| resistant means antibiotics do not work
58
about ___% is allergic to penicllin
1
59
bacteria will pick up resistant gene from
environment
60
zone of inhibition
antibiotic where it sis effective and bacteria inhibited
61
no microbiota
axenic
62
Resident
stays for a long time
63
Transient
short stay
64
Microbiota on birth: mutualistic
both benefit
65
Microbiota on birth: communalistic
1 benefit other is not harmed
66
changes in normal biota can be caused by
competition, stress, diet, antibiotics, hormon change
67
Zoonosis
contact with animal or its waste, eating animals
68
Humans usually dead in host because
humans usually don't eat humans
69
Human carriers example:
AIDS/Syphillis
70
Nonliving reservoirs examples:
soil, water, food
71
Exposure "contaminated" presence of microbes in/on the body, could become new resident of
microbiota, be a transient, overcome defenses and multiply and become established (infections)
72
MoT Contact; direct
hand shaking
73
MoT Contact: indirect
drinking glasses, toys, brushes
74
MoT contact: droplet
droplets from a sneeze (1 meter)
75
MoT vehicle: airborne
dust particles
76
MoT vehicle: waterborne
swimming pools
77
MoT vehicle: foodborne
food poisoning
78
MoT vector: Mechanical
pathogen multiplies transmitter
79
MoT vector: Biological
accidental transmitters
80
Portals of entry
skin, mucus membrane, placenta
81
Parental as a portal of entry:
a true portal of entry, pathogen directly into tissue beneath skin on mucous membrane
82
Adhesion factors:
have hooks or suckers; extracellular enzyme
83
Attachment proteins:
different viruses/bacterial have different mechanisms "host specific." Bacteria need adhesion factors because they won't be able to cause the disease without it
84
Disease Notes
different from infection; any change from state of health. Microbe multiples to adversely affect the body
85
Contamination Notes
Mere presence of microbe
86
Infection Notes
invasion of pathogens
87
signs
can be seen
88
symptoms
subjective, can be measured or observed
89
syndrome
sings and symptoms characteristics of a disease
90
Asymptomatic/subclinical
may not know you have the disease, can't look a the person and say something is wrong because they're not showing signs
91
Virulence
more likely to cause disease
92
hyalrunoidase
dissolves glue between cells, and if you remove glue then you have space for invasion
93
collagenaise
breaks down structure
94
coagulase
clots forms
95
kinase
dissolve blood cells
96
cytokines
cytokines Regulatory proteins that function in the regulation of the cells involved in immune system function
97
exotoxin
Any toxin secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment
Mainly gram positive and gram negative, high toxicity, variable effect on host, typically unstable at temps over 60 c
98
endotoxin
Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.
o Gram negative, low toxicity but can be fatal with high dosages, can cause fever, shock, blood clots on host, and stable up to 1 hour in autoclave temp
99
True Pathogen
healthy individual comes in contact with a pathogen dn gets sick
100
incubation
no symp
101
prodromal
feeling bad but not knowing why
102
illness
most sever sings and symps
103
decline
immune system taking care of infection
104
convalescence
repairing your body
105
latent
in hiding (always contagious)
106
Koch's Postubutes rules:
some pathogens can't be grown in lab
Some diseases are caused by a combo
some disease only affect human so injected into animals is frowned upon
107
Acute Disease
symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly
108
Chronic Disease
usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time
109
Subacute disease
with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic
110
Asymptomatic disease
disease without symptoms
111
Latent disease
Appears a long time after infection
112
Communicable disease
transmitted from one host to another
113
contagious disease
easily spreadable
114
Noncommunicable disease
arising from outside hosts or disease from opportunistic pathogen
115
Local infection
infection confined to a small region of the body
116
Systemic Infection
widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels in the blood or lymph
117
Focal infection
infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infection at other sites in the body
118
Primary infection
initial infection within a given patient
119
Secondary infection
infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens
120
Epidemiology
the study of who gets diseases
121
Incidents
number of new cases in a given area in a given time period
122
Prevalence
number of total cases in an area in a time period
123
Frequency in geographic distribution can be reached by
breaking down data
124
Epidemiological studies:
descriptive study, location and time of cases, collect patient info
125
Analytical epidemiology
looking for probably cause, mode of transmission, how to prevent it
126
Experimental
testing it out
127
HAI
hospital associated infections aka nosocomial
128
Exgenous
from health care environment, pathogens floating in air, nurses not washing their hands properly
129
Endogenous
normal microbiota you get yourself from being on antibiotics
130
Iantrogenic
medial procedure fore ex. getting a catheter and getting an infection
131
An example of a superinfection and how to control it
C.Diff
| isolate patients and sterilize
132
Endemic
occurs at a constant rate in a given area
133
Sporadic
case pops up every now and then
134
MMWR
Descriptive data
