microbiology quiz 2-18-15 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
what is the name of the cocci , that divide in pairs?
A
diplococci
2
Q
what is the name of the bacilli, that divide in pairs?
A
diplobacilli
3
Q
does the gram + cell wall have an outer membrane?
A
no
4
Q
what is the name of the cocci that divides in irregular clusters?
A
staphylococci
5
Q
what is the name of the bacilli that divide into chains?
A
streptobacilli
6
Q
what is the chemical composition of a gram – cell wall?
A
Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) and peptidoglycan
7
Q
what is the chemical composition of a gram + cell wall?
A
peptidoglycan and teichoic acid
8
Q
does a gram– cell wall have a periplasmic space?
A
yes it is a thick, viscous, gelatinous layer
9
Q
does a gram + cell wall have a periplasmic space?
A
yes but it is extremely thin
10
Q
does a gram – cell wall have an outer membrane?
A
yes
11
Q
what is the name of the cocci that divide into groups of four?
A
tetrad
12
Q
what is the name of the cocci that divide into chains?
A
streptococci
13
Q
which group of bacteria (demonstrated by gram stain) have a thin peptidoglycan layer and cell wall?
A
gram – bacteria ( stain red)
14
Q
what are the fine protein hair like bristles emerging from the bacterial cell surface called?
A
fimbriae
15
Q
name the 2 major groups of bacterial external structures known as appendages
A
- those that provide motility- flagella and axial filaments
- those that provide attachment- fimbriae and pili
16
Q
which group of bacteria (demonstrated by gram stain) have a thick peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane?
A
gram + bacteria ( stain purple)
17
Q
what is the purpose of the flagella?
A
motility, it rotates 360 degrees and moves the bacterial cell in a run and tumble motion
18
Q
what is the name of the coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of polysaccharides or polyproteins?
A
Glycocalyx - its a sugar coating that is used for attachment, evading phagocytosis, protects it from drying out and protects it from chemotoxins
19
Q
what is the filament made up of?
A
a protein called flagellin, its approximately 20nm in diameter and 1 to 70um in length
20
Q
what is the counter-clock-wise motion of the flagella called and how does it affect the bacteria?
A
this is called “run” and it moves the bacteria forward
21
Q
what is the clock-wise motion of the flagella called and how does if affect the bacteria?
A
this is called “tumble” and it stops the bacteria it tumbles and changes direction
22
Q
what is the purpose of the “run” and “tumble” motion of the bacteria?
A
it is to evade or move toward things its trying to reach or avoid
23
Q
name the 3 parts of the flagella
A
- the filament
- the hook- is the sheath anchored to the cell by the basil body
- the basil body- is a stack of rings firmly anchored through the cell wall to the cell membrane
24
Q
name the 2 types of glycocalyx
A
- slime layer
2. capsule
25
what glycocalyx layer is loosely organized, loosely attached, has holes in it, and is not solid?
the slime layer
26
what glycocalyx layer is organized, tightly attached, continuous solid layer?
the capsule
27
T or F
| bacteria that have a capsule are more likely to cause disease, reproduce and hang around longer?
true
28
what is the term for a bacteria's transferring of the genetic information from one bacterial cell to another via the pillus?
conjugation
29
T or F
| all bacteria are able to perform conjugation?
false
30
which type of bacteria ( through gram staining) are more likely to perform conjugation?
gram -
31
how do spirillum/ spirilla move?
they move by a polar flagella, can be single or in tufts, they swim by rotation,
32
what is the rigid structure made of pilin protein and what is its function?
the pili, it joins bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation ( sex bridge) and is found in gram - cells
33
what bacterial shape has a rigid helix and is mobile with a polar flagella?
spirillum ( single) spirilla (pleural)
34
what is the cocci arrangement that divides in groups of 4?
tetrad
35
what is the name of the cocci arrangement that divides into pairs?
diplococci
36
what is the cocci arrangement that divides into chains?
streptococci
37
what are the flexible bacterial shape, that move by means of axial filaments?
spirochete
38
what is the helical bacteria shape, that is like a loose "s" shape and move by polar flagella?
spirillum
39
what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having a tuft of flagella at one end?
lophotrichous
40
what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having a single flagellum at one end?
monotrichous
41
what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having flagella dispersed all over the surface of the cell?
peritrichous
42
what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having flagella at both ends of the cell?
amphitrichous
43
what is the function of the run and tumble motion?
this allows the bacteria to respond to its elements
44
what is the name of the cocci arrangement that presents as a cluster?
staphylococci
45
name the arrangement of elongated bacteria that divide into pairs
diplobacilli
46
name the arrangement of elongated bacteria that line up in a chain
streptobacilli
47
what is the name of the cell wall that is composed of proteins and carbohydrates arranged in a lattice pattern NAM NAG?
peptidoglycan
48
what is the action of the prokaryotic flagellum?
rotation
49
what genius of bacteria does not have a cell wall?
a mycoplasma, it contains sterols that make it resistant to lysis.
50
what type of bacteria can vary their shape?
mycoplasmas
51
what is the property of extreme variations in shape by mycoplasmas called?
pleomorphism
52
a prokaryotic structure that is composed of the protein pilin and functions in conjugation also known as horizontal gene transfer
pili
53
what is it called when bacteria cling together in complex masses?
biofilms
54
name the comma shaped prokaryotic cells
vibrio
55
what is the name of the cocci that divide into irregular clusters?
staphylococci
56
what is the type of bacilli that divide into chains?
streptobacilli
57
what is the prokaryotic arrangement that is round called?
coccus ( single) cocci (pleural)
58
how do spirochetes move?
they have hair like filaments that wrap around it, contained within a sheath, it constricts and relaxes. these are called periplasmic flagella or endoflagella or axial filaments
59
what is the chemically complex external covering on the majority of bacteria called?
it is called the cell envelope and it encloses the cytoplasm
60
what type of effect does an endotoxin have on the body?
systemic, fever, inflammation, weakness, shock, drop in blood pressure
61
how does a periplasmic flagella or axial filament produce cellular motility?
the internal flagella located between the outer sheath and the peptidoglycan cell wall contracts and twists to produce motion
62
what is the function of the fimbriae?
the fimbriae is used for attachment. it adheres the bacteria to other cells and surfaces.
63
domain bacteria all have what type of cell wall composition?
peptidoglycan
64
name the flagellar arrangements that presents as small tufts emerging from the same site
lophotrichous
65
name the flagellar arrangement that presents with flagella on both ends of the cell
amphitrichous
66
name the 3 parts of the flagella
the filament
the hook
the basil body
67
what type of cell reproduces through conjugation?
prokaryotic cells / bacteria
68
name the species that is known as a pleomorphism?
mycoplasma
69
what is the exchange of DNA that prokaryotic cells go through?
conjugation
70
how many planes does a cocci divide
multiple planes
71
how many planes does a bacilli divide
one
72
name the flagellar arrangement that the flagella are dispersed over the surface of the cell
peritrichous
73
what is the rod shaped prokaryotic cells called
bacillus- singular
bacilli- pleural
coccobacillus- both
74
what is a cell called that has the ability to change shape or is likely to change shape?
pleomorphism
75
what is the name of the rigid spiral shaped bacteria?
spirillum (singular))
| spirilla ( pleural)
76
which bacteria is a flexible helix with an endoflagella ( axial filament) that moves through contraction and relatxation?
spirochete
77
what type of cell has no membrane bound organelles?
prokaryotic cells
78
what is the name of the pleomorphic bacteria that causes diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
79
bacteria that are able to change their shape are called what?
pleomorphism
80
what is the name of the spirochete that causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
81
what is the spirochete that causes Lyme's disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
82
what bacillus shaped bacteria has square ends ( like bamboo) that causes anthrax?
Streptobacilli
83
what common bacillus shaped bacteria has round ends?
Escherichia coli
84
what curved shaped bacteria causes cholerae?
vibrio cholerae
85
what spirillum shaped bacteria causes rat bite fever?
spirillum minor
86
what is the shape of bacteria that is fexable, not rigi, has a periplasmic flagella, swims by rotation or creeping on surfaces?
spirochete
87
what is the shape of bacteria that is rigid, mostly pathogenic, polar flagella and swims by rotation?
spirillum
88
what are the two most common shaped bacteria
coccus and bacillus
89
name the curved shaped bacteria
vibrio
spirillum
spirochete
90
name the elongated shaped bacteria
bacillus
| bacilli
91
name the round shape bacteria
coccus
| cocci
92
how are bacteria identified?
shape
arrangement
cell wall
93
name the 3 parts of the flagella
filament
hook
basil body
94
name the bacteria that attaches to a cells of sperm r/t the proteins in the fimbriae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
95
which bacteria have axial filaments ( periplasmic flagella)
spirochetes
96
what is the function of the periplasmic flagella of the spirochete?
motility
97
name the 5 external structures of the prokaryotic cell
```
flagellum
axial filaments
fimbriae
pili
glycocalyx
```
98
how many pili are present in a bacterial cell
usually 1
99
how do you differentiate pili from fimbriae
they are longer, thicker and hollow tubes
100
what are pili made of
a protein called pilin
101
what is the function of the pili?
for DNA transfer from one bacteria cell to another.
102
what is the name of the 4 amino acids that are attached to the peptid change
tetra peptid chain
103
what is the name of the 1-5 amino acids that are attached to the tetra peptid chain
cross bridge
104
what type of bacteria have no flagella and what are they called?
cocci are atrichous
105
name a bacteria that is peritrichous
Proteus mirabilis
106
what substance makes the best antigen
proteins, than carbohydrates
107
what substance makes the worse antigen
lipids
108
name two bacteria that have a very thick capsule
Neisseria gonorrhoeae diplococci and Klebsiella pneumonia
109
what is the function of the glycocalyx:
```
attachment
protection from dehydration
protection from phagocytosis
can be used as a source of nutrients
protects it from ABT chemicals
```
110
what do gram + cell walls consist of
peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
111
what is the purpose of the teichoic acids
they have a negative charge
they are made of glycerol, sugar and phosphate
function is to regulate cation movements
storage of phosphorous
regulate the bacteria ability to get bigger
112
what is lysis
it is a process of cell destruction
113
what is the outer layer of the gram - cells wall function?
as a barrier against certain drugs
has a negative charge to help repel phagocytosis
imbedded in its membrane is lipopolysaccharides
114
what part of the lipopolysaccharide produces an endotoxin
the lipid portion as it broken down the endotoxin is released
115
name the layers of the gram + cell wall
peptidoglycan, cell membrane
116
name the layers of the gram - cell wall
outer membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, periplasmic space than the cell membrane
117
what round shaped bacteria in chains causes pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
118
what is the name of the bacteria that causes a sore throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
