microbiology quiz 4-21-15 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
what process destroys all microbes, including viruses and endospores on inanimate objects
A
sterilization
2
Q
what process destroys vegetative pathogens but not endospores on inanimate objects
A
disinfection
3
Q
what process is when disinfectants are directly applied to exposed body surfaces
A
antiseptic
4
Q
what process decreases the amount of microbes to meet public health standards, using hot water and detergents, on inanimate objects
A
sanitization
5
Q
what process is the destruction, removal or reduction in the number of undesirable microbes
A
decontamination
6
Q
what cleansing technique prevents the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues
A
aseptic
7
Q
what cleansing technique removes microorganisms and debris from living tissue
A
degermation
8
Q
what is the growth of microorganisms in tissues called
A
sepsis
9
Q
what 2 microbes have the highest level of resistance
A
prions
endospores
10
Q
what is the best method at killing endospores
A
the autoclave
11
Q
how many times more resistant are endospores compared to vegetative bacteria to heat
A
1 and 1/2 times more resistant
12
Q
how many times more resistant are endospores compared to vegetative bacteria to radiation
A
4 times
13
Q
what moderate resistant bacteria is the #1 killer in burn patients
A
Pseudomonas
14
Q
name 3 moderately resistant bacteria
A
Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacteriaum tuberculosis
15
Q
true of false
moderately resistant bacteria are less likely to be resistant to drugs
A
false
they are highly drug resistant
16
Q
true of false
moderately resistant bacteria are less likely to be resistant to drugs
A
false
they are highly drug resistant
17
Q
how resistant are protozoan cysts
A
moderately resistant- the cyst is the resistant protective stage.
18
Q
name a parasite that is moderately resistant to antimicrobial actions
A
Giardia
19
Q
which category is the least resistive and easier to kill
A
relative resistance
20
Q
true or false
fungal spores and hypea are least resistant and easier to kill
A
true
21
Q
true or false
fungal spores and hypea are least resistant and easier to kill
A
true
22
Q
true or false
enveloped viruses are easier to get rid of than non enveloped viruses
A
true, once the envelope is removed the virus will die
23
Q
what type of protozoan stage is the easiest to kill and why
A
the trophozoite stage, because they are active and feeding, not protected in the cyst
24
Q
name a factor that would influence how effective an antimicrobial agents is
A
- length of exposure to the agent
- number of microbes present
- nature of the microbes
- mode of action of the agent
25
what type of microbial agent will allow the bacteria to continue to grow but will prevent reproduction of new growth
microbiostatic
26
give an example of a antimicrobial agent that is microbiostatic
Penicillin
27
what type of microbial agent will kill a microbe directly and cause immediate lysis of cells
microbiocidal
28
give an example of a antimicrobial agent that is microbiocidal
tetracycline
29
how does tetracycline act on microbes
it targets the 70s ribosomes and destroys them, the bacteria are unable to make proteins and they die
30
name a factor that could influence the effectiveness o antimicrobial agents
1. the concentration of the agent
2. pH and temperature of environment
3. inhibitors in the environment
31
name the 3 microbial control methods that are outside of the body
1. physical agents
2, mechanical removal methods
3. chemical agents
32
name the best physical agent at controlling microbes outside of the body
heat by using the autoclave
33
give an example of how heat destroys microbes
1. it denatures the protein
2. it destroys the membrane
3. the DNA is broken down
34
give an example of how heat destroys microbes
1. it denatures the protein
2. it destroys the membrane
3. the DNA is broken down
35
why is desiccation not an effective way to control bacteria
because desiccation happens in relation to removing water from the cells to slow the microbes growth, once water is reintroduced it will retain its ability to grow.
36
what method of microbial control methods is used to preserve food, media and cultures
cold
37
when using radiation as a microbial control method, which method is used to preserve food
ionizing radiation
38
when using radiation as a microbial control method, which method is used to restrict the growth of bacteria in the lab setting
nonionizing radiation
39
which type of radiation causes thymine dimers
uv radiation (nonionizing)
40
what is the physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through a filter
mechanical removal method using filtration
41
when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent denatures the protein
chlorine
42
when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent inhibits/ inactivates the protein
iodine or heavy metals
43
when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent disrupts the plasma membrane
phenols
44
give an example of a chlorine
bleach
45
give an example of a iodine
iodophors and tinctures
46
give an example of a phenol
Lysol, hibiclens, triclosan
47
give an example of heavy metals
silver, sulfadiazine ointment
48
which type of antimicrobial drugs are produced by the natural microbes that inhibits the growth of another microbe
a true antibiotic
49
which type of antimicrobial drugs are chemically modified from the natural sources
semisynthetic
50
which type of antimicrobial drugs are synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions
true synthetic drugs
51
which type of antimicrobial drugs are synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions
true synthetic drugs
52
which type of antimicrobial drug is effective against a wide variety of microbes
broad spectrum
53
what type of bacteria would a broad spectrum antimicrobial drug treat
gram positive
| gram negative
54
give an example of a broad spectrum drug
tetracycline
quinolones
flagyl
55
give an example of an intermediate spectrum drug
ampicillin
cephalexin
erythromycin
sulfa/trimethoprim
56
what type of bacteria would be treated with a narrow spectrum drug
Gram positive
| gram negative
57
what type of antimicrobial drug is effective against a limited array of microbes
narrow spectrum drugs
58
give an example of a narrow spectrum drug that is effective against gram positive bacteria
penicillin G &V
bacitracin
vancomycin
59
give an example of a narrow spectrum drug that is effective against gram negative bacteria
polymyxin B
| streptomycin
60
which bacteria produces 2/3 of all antimicrobial drugs
Streptomyces
61
name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the bacteria streptomyces
streptomycin
erythromycin
tetracycline
vancomycin
62
name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the bacteria bacillus
bacitracin
| Polymyxin B
63
name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the mold penicillium
penicillin
64
name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the mold cephalosporium
Cephalexin ( Keflex)
65
name two bacteria that are used to create antimicrobial drugs
Streptomyces
| bacillus
66
name two molds that are used to create antimicrobial drugs
cephalosporium
| penicillium
67
what would be a major characteristic of the ideal antimicrobial drug
it would be selectively toxic
| microbiocidal rather than microbiostatic
68
name the two most prominent beta-lactams
penicillin and cephalosporin's
69
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is, to block synthesis and repair of the cell wall
penicillin and cephalosporin's
70
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is, it causes loss of selective permeability to the cell membrane
polymyxin's
71
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the DNA, by inhibiting replication and transcription by inhibiting unwinding enzymes
Quinolones
72
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the RNA, by inhibiting RNA polymerase
Rifampin
73
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis on ribosomes 50s subunit
erythromycin
| clindamycin
74
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s subunit
gentamycin
streptomycin
tetracycline
75
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s subunit
gentamycin
streptomycin
tetracycline
76
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s and 50s
Zyvox
77
name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the metabolic pathways, by blocking pathways and inhibits metabolism
sulfa drugs
| trimethoprim
78
drugs that target cell wall and account for 1/2 of the antimicrobial drugs are known as
beta-lactam antimicrobials
79
what are the 2 most prominent beta-lactam antimicrobials
penicillin
| cephalosporin's
80
which part of the penicillin molecule is common in all penicillin
the beta-lactam ring
81
which part of the penicillin molecule is the variable part that dictates the microbes activity
the side chain
82
why would targeting the cell wall be an important factor of a antimicrobial drug
because humans do not have a cell wall
83
what differentiates 1 penicillin from another
the side chain differs
84
name a narrow spectrum true antimicrobial
penicillin G & V
85
name a narrow spectrum semisynthetic antimicrobial
oxacillin
| methicillin
86
name a broad spectrum semisynthetic antimicrobial
ampicillin
amoxicillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin
87
what accounts for 1/3 of all antimicrobial's administered
cephalosporin's
88
what accounts for 1/3 of all antimicrobial's administered
cephalosporin's
89
what synthetically altered beta-lactam structure has 2 side chains
cephalosporin's
90
name a non beta-lactam cell wall inhibitor
vancomycin
91
what is the most effective antimicrobial drug used in the treatment of Staphylococcus infections
vancomycin
92
what true antimicrobial,narrow spectrum, non beta-lactam is produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilis
bacitracin
93
what non beta-lactam is used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isoniazid
94
name a antibacterial drug that targets cell wall
penicillin
vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid
95
name a beta-lactam that targets the cell wall
penicillin
96
name a non beta-lactam that targets the cell wall
vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid
97
name a non beta-lactam that targets the cell wall
vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid
98
name an antimicrobial drug that disrupts cell membrane function by targeting the cell membrane
polymyxin
99
what antimicrobial drug interacts with the phospholipids and causes severe leakage, particularly in gram negative bacteria
Polymyxin
100
what drug resistant bacteria is treated with Polymyxin
pseudomonas aeruginosa and severe UTI
101
what antifungal drugs target cell membrane by targeting the sterols
amphotericin B and nystatin
102
how does amphotericin B and nystatin affect microbes
by targeting the sterols in the cell membranes
103
if a drug looks like or acts like something else, this is known as a
analog
104
what is the name of the antimicrobial drug that inhibits DNA and mRNA from being made
quinolones
105
how do drugs affect nucleic acid synthesis
they block synthesis of nucleotides
the inhibit replication ( helicases, SSB, Polymerase)
stops transcription
106
how does tetracycline block protein synthesis
it blocks attachment of tRNA on the A receptor site
107
where does tetracycline attach on the ribosome
on the 30s subunit but in the A binding site of the ribosome and protein synthesis stops
108
where does tetracycline attach on the ribosome
on the 30s subunit but in the A binding site of the ribosome and protein synthesis stops
109
what is the name of the antimicrobial drug that blocks protein synthesis by attaching itself to the ribosomal 50s subunit and prevents the ribosome from shifting down to the next site
Erythromycin
110
how does Erythromycin block protein synthesis
by attaching itself to the 50s subunit where the mRNA attaches and prevents it from shifting down
111
drugs that affect metabolic pathways block enzymes required fro folic acid synthesis are known as
sulfonamides
112
when sulfonamides are introduced it competes with the normal substrate for the enzymes active site. this is known as
competitive inhibition
113
what prevents the PABA from binding to the substrate
sulfonamides
114
when bacteria became resistant to Methacillinase where was the gene located
on the chromosome
115
when the Enterococcus bacteria became resistant to vancomycin where what the gene located
on the transposon
116
how was the resistance gene transferred from the Enterococcus bacteria to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
through conjugation
117
when sulfonamides are introduced it competes with the normal substrate PABA the enzymes active site. this is known as
competitive inhibition
118
how was the resistance gene transferred from the Enterococcus bacteria to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
through conjugation
119
Staphylococcus aureus became resistant to penicillin. where is the gene located for this resistance and what enzyme did it develop
on the plasmid, B-lactamase
120
what did the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria develop to become resistant to penicillin
an enzyme called penicillinase
121
name one of the naturally produced Penicillin drugs
Penicillin G or V
121
name one of the naturally produced Penicillin drugs
Penicillin G or V
122
true of false
| the gene that codes for resistance to Methicillin is carried on a plasmid instead of on the microbes chromosome
false
