microbiology quiz 4-28-15

Question 1

what two ways do bacteria acquire drug resistance

Answer 1

1. spontaneous mutation

2. horizontal transfer

Question 2

when a bacteria develops an enzyme that inactivates the drug this is called

Answer 2

drug inactivation mechanism

Question 3

when a microbe alters the receptors and becomes resistant to drugs this is called

Answer 3

decreased permeability

Question 4

when a microbe has specialized membrane proteins that pump the drug out of the cell this is called

Answer 4

activation of drug pumps

Question 5

when a microbe has the ability to change the alternate binding sites shape so that the drug cant bind this is called

Answer 5

change in drug binding site

Question 6

when a microbe has the ability to inhibit metabolic pathways and can create an alternate unblocked pathway this is called

Answer 6

use of an alternate metabolic pathway

Question 7

when normal flora are killed off by a drug and the resistant bacteria begin to grow and flourish this is known as

Answer 7

natural selection

Question 8

name a side effect of an anti microbial drug

Answer 8

toxicity
allergy
disruption of normal flora

Question 9

what is the cause of a superinfection

Answer 9

when a drug kills off the normal flora and the pathogens overgrows in the intestines and creates an infection

Question 10

what is the name of the test used to show is a bacteria is sensitive to a drug

Answer 10

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

Question 11

if the zones of inhibition are combined between two organisms this area is called is know as

Answer 11

the synergistic effect

Question 12

what is a characteristic of staphylococcus

Answer 12

large round clusters
pyogenic- pus production
catalase +

Question 13

what is the name of the normal flora of the skin

Answer 13

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 14

where can Staphylococcus epidermidis be found besides the skin

Answer 14

upper respiratory tract
eyes 
ear canal
urinary tract
GI tract

Question 15

what are the 2 opportunistic infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 15

Endocarditis

Prosthetic devices

Question 16

what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target

Answer 16

the heart

Question 17

what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target

Answer 17

the heart

Question 18

what is the #1 nosocomial infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 18

Sepsis

Question 19

how many nosocomial cases a year are caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 19

2 to 4 million

Question 20

how many deaths a year are linked to Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 20

90,000 deaths

Question 21

what is the leading cause of UTI infections in young females

Answer 21

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Question 22

what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females

Answer 22

a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci

Question 23

what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females

Answer 23

a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci

Question 24

what are the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 24

Gram +
catalase +
clusters
nosocomial infections
drug resistance 
coagulase +

Question 25

what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 25

golden yellow

Question 26

what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 26

white

Question 27

what is the results of a coagulase test when used on Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 27

positive- fibrin clot forms within 30 seconds

Question 28

give an example of a local infection from Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 28

``` pimples outer ear infection boils folliculitis abscess impetigo ```

Question 29

what is the name of the boil that is large and found usually on the neck or back

Answer 29

carbuncle

Question 30

what is the name of the boil that is smaller in size and found not on the neck or back

Answer 30

furuncle

Question 31

what is the name of the local infection that presents as clusters of inflamed papules and pustules from Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 31

folliculitis

Question 32

what is the name of the local infection that presents as a deep pocket of pus from Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 32

abscess

Question 33

what is the name of the local infection that is highly contagious, found in children, spread to adults from Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 33

impetigo

Question 34

Give an example of a serious infection from Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 34

``` pneumonia meningitis endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis ```

Question 35

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for 40% of most cases of this infection

Answer 35

Pericarditis

Question 36

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for this #1 leading cause of nosocomial infection

Answer 36

Pneumonia

Question 37

what is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pneumonia in sick and compromised patients

Answer 37

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 38

what is the #1 cause of nosocomial sepsis in sick and compromised patients

Answer 38

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 39

what is the #1 cause of Pericarditis in people

Answer 39

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 40

true or false | Staphylococcus aureus is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pericarditis is patients

Answer 40

false- it is the #1 cause in people outside of the hospital setting

Question 41

what is the name of the toxin that has generalized effects on the human body

Answer 41

endotoxin

Question 42

what is the name of the toxin that has disease specific effects on the human body

Answer 42

exotoxin

Question 43

gram + bacteria have what type of toxins

Answer 43

exotoxins

Question 44

gram - bacteria have what type of toxins

Answer 44

endotoxins

Question 45

which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of Lipid A

Answer 45

gram - bacteria

Question 46

which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of small proteins

Answer 46

gram + bacteria

Question 47

what type of bacteria are toxic in small amounts

Answer 47

gram + bacteria, exotoxins

Question 48

what type of bacteria are toxic in higher doses

Answer 48

gram - bacteria, endotoxins

Question 49

what type of toxins are unstable in heat

Answer 49

exotoxins, gram + bacteria

Question 50

what type of toxins stimulate an antitoxin affect

Answer 50

exotoxins, gram + bacteria

Question 51

what type of toxin does not stimulate an antitoxin affect

Answer 51

endotoxin, gram - bacteria

Question 52

how is the exotoxins released

Answer 52

they are secreted from the live cell

Question 53

how is the endotoxins released

Answer 53

they are released from the cell wall during lysis

Question 54

what is the name of the chemical that endotoxins produce after phagocytosis

Answer 54

interleukin 1

Question 55

what is the name of the chemical that is produced in response to the interleukin 1 when it travels to the hypothalamus

Answer 55

prostaglandins

Question 56

what is the name of the chemical that resets the thermostat of the hypothalamus to induce fever

Answer 56

prostaglandins

Question 57

what is the name of the disease that is caused by the release of an exfoliatin toxin that acts on the epidermis

Answer 57

Scaled skin syndrome

Question 58

what is the 3 potential outcomes from scaled skin syndrome

Answer 58

bacteremia sepsis death

Question 59

What is the name of the disease that is caused by the misuse of tampons

Answer 59

Toxic shock syndrome

Question 60

toxic shock syndrome is caused by what toxin?

Answer 60

exotoxin C ,

Question 61

what is the name of the 2 most common enterotoxin that is the cause of food poisoning from Staphylococcus

Answer 61

exotoxins A and D

Question 62

the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called

Answer 62

neurotoxins

Question 62

the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called

Answer 62

neurotoxins

Question 63

the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diptheria are exotoxins of the type called

Answer 63

cytotoxins

Question 64

the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are exotoxins of the type called

Answer 64

enterotoxin

Question 65

name the type of disease caused by exotoxin, A and D production by Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 65

food poisoning

Question 66

the mechanism of fever stimulated by endotoxin occurs do to the release of ________________ by the hypothalamus of the brain

Answer 66

prostaglandins

Question 67

which is most likely to stimulate anti-toxin production, exotoxin or endotoxin?

Answer 67

extoxin

Question 68

true or false | Scalded skin syndrom is a disease of the epidermis in infants that may lead to bacteremia, septicemia and even death

Answer 68

true

Question 69

testing for the production of the enzyme ____________will differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus

Answer 69

catalase

Question 70

name the species of Staphylococcus that causes UTI's

Answer 70

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Question 71

name the very contagious skin infection common in day care centers caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 71

impetigo

Question 72

list a mechanism of drug resistance, besides the production of an enzyme to inactivate a drug

Answer 72

activation of drug pumps decreased permeability use of alternate metabolic pathway change in the drug binding site

Question 73

true or false | about 2 to 4 million cases of nosocomial infections occur in the US each year.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

name 2 serious, potentially life threatening, infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 74

``` meningitis pneumonia pericarditis myocarditis endocarditis ```