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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 3-31-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 3-31-15 Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

where does the Embden Meyerhof pathway occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Is oxygen required to begin the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

no oxygen is not required

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3
Q

How many chemical reactions does it take to split the glucose molecule in half during the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

10 chemical reactions need to occur to split the glucose molecule in half

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4
Q

how many carbons molecules are in the molecule of glucose at the start of the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

6 carbon molecules

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5
Q

in the Embden Meyerhof Pathway, glucose is split into 2 molecules of what substance?

A

pyruvic acid

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6
Q

how many molecules of carbon are in each pyruvic acid?

A

3 carbon molecules

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7
Q

what is the intermediate energy molecule that cant be used immediately but can be used to make ATP?

A

NADH

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8
Q

what is the products of the EMP?

A

2 pyruvic acids, 4 ATP and 2 NADH

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9
Q

what is the net products of the EMP?

A

2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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10
Q

what is needed by the cell to start the EMP?

A

the cell needs a molecule of glucose and 2 ATP to begin the process

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11
Q

Name the two pathways that bacteria can take to breakdown glucose

A
  1. Pentose Phosphate Pathway

2. Entner-Doudoroff

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12
Q

What is the name of the process that bacteria use to breakdown glucose instead of the EMP?

A

Entnerd-Doudoroff

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13
Q

what is the name of the pathway that bacteria take to breakdown glucose simultaneously with the EMP?

A

the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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14
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that uses the Pentose Phosphate Pathway to breakdown glucose?

A

Escherichia coli or Bacillus

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15
Q

what is the biggest benefit to a bacteria in using the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

the bacteria can use these intermediate products for other things in the cell, like building other molecules and things in the cells

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16
Q

What is the product of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

1 ATP/glucose

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17
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that breaks down glucose using the Entner-Doudoroff process

A

Pseudomonas which is a gram - bacteria

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18
Q

why makes the bacteria perform the Entner-Doudoroff process versus the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

the DNA codes for the enzymes to allow them to take each pathway

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19
Q

what is the products of the Entner-Doudoroff process?

A

1 ATP/glucose

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20
Q

what 2 factors determine what happens after the EMP?

A
  1. is oxygen present?

2. what type of organism do we have?

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21
Q

if oxygen is present after the EMP takes place than what is this called?

A

Aerobic respiration

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22
Q

where does the bridge reaction take place?

A

in the cytoplasm of bacteria

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23
Q

name the reaction that occurs between the EMP and the Krebs cycle

A

the bridge reaction

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24
Q

what is produced during the bridge reaction?

A

2 Acetyl CoenzymeA molecules

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25
what is removed from each pyruvic acid molecule during the bridge reaction?
2 carbon dioxide molecules
26
where does the Krebs cycle occur in the prokaryotes?
in the cytoplasm
27
what do you need in order for the Krebs cycle to begin?
Acetyl CoenzymeA
28
what is the benefit of the Krebs cycle?
it produces a lot of energy
29
what is the 1st reaction in the Krebs cycle?
the Acetyl CoenzymeA joins with the oxaloacetate and makes citric acid
30
how many carbon atoms is in the Acetyl CoenzymeA
2 carbons
31
how many carbon atoms are in the Oxaloacetate?
4 carbons
32
how many carbon atoms are in the citric acid?
6 carbons
33
how much energy is produced during the Krebs cycle?
1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
34
how much energy is produced per glucose molecule during the EMP?
2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2
35
where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
in the plasma membrane of the prokaryotic cell
36
what carries the negatively charged electrons along the membrane
cytochrome molecules
37
how many groups of the cytochrome molecules are present?
3 groups ( high energy, lower energy, and the lowest energy)
38
what is supplying the electrons to the system as Hydrogen?
the intermediate energy molecules, NADH and FADH2
39
what is NADH and FADH2 supplying to the plasma membrane to facilitate the Electron Transport Chain?
Hydrogen atoms singly or in pairs
40
how much ATP is produced at each level of the Electron Transport Chain?
1 ATP at each level to equal a total of 3 ATP
41
what is the final electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain?
oxygen
42
how much ATP is produced for every NADH molecule that enters the E.T.C?
3 ATP per NADH
43
how much ATP is produced for every FADH2 molecule that enters the E.T.C?
2 ATP per FADH2 because it enters at the 2nd cytochrome level not the 1st.
44
what do you need to be able to perform in the ETC?
a source of electrons ( from the NADH and the FADH2)
45
what is the product of the ETC?
ATP
46
what happens to the Hydrogen molecule at the end of the ETC?
it binds with the oxygen and produces water. H2O
47
what accepts the Hydrogen molecule at the end of all aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
48
what is produced at the end of the EMP?
2 ATP and 2 NADH (6 ATP)
49
for every NADH molecule you get how many ATP
3 ATP per NADH
50
what energy is produced after the bridge reaction?
2 NADH which equals 6 ATP
51
what energy is produced after the Krebs cycle?
``` 2 ATP 6 NADH (18 ATP) 2 FADH2 ( 4 ATP) ```
52
what is the total energy produced in a prokaryotic cell?
38 ATP
53
what is the total energy produced in a eukaryotic cell?
36 ATP because it takes 2 ATP to move to the mitochondria.
54
if oxygen is not present during the EMP what kind of organism do you have?
either an Obligate anaerobe or an aerotolerant bacteria
55
what is the product of all fermentation reactions?
2 ATP/glucose
56
what is the final electron acceptor is during the anaerobic process?
an organic molecule
57
can oxygen be the final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration?
no
58
what is the name of the fermentation process that tales the 2 pyruvic acids and converts them into lactic acid?
lactic acid fermentation
59
what is used during the one step reaction to convert the 2 pyruvic acids to the 2 lactic acids
2 NADH
60
give an example of a bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but never uses oxygen and performs lactic acid fermentation
lactobacillus- it can be used in the presence of oxygen but NEVER uses it.
61
give an example of a facultative bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen forever on the 2 ATP
Streptococcus- its a facultative anaerobe
62
what is the name of the fermentation that converts the pyruvic acids during the one step reaction to 2 ethanol molecules
ethanol fermentation
63
what is produced during the ethanol fermentation?
carbon dioxide and ethanol
64
what energy is used during the one step reaction
2 NADH
65
give an example of ethanol fermentation
yeast, beer, wine
66
what is the name of the sugar additive to agar to help differentiate bacteria through fermentation?
mannitol
67
what is an example of a negative fermentation bacteria
S. epidermidis ( cant ferment mannitol)
68
what is an example of a positive fermentation bacteria
S. aureus ( can ferment mannitol)
69
what is the final electron acceptor is anaerobic respiration?
inorganic molecules like nitrogen and sulfur
70
can oxygen be the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
no
71
what is the energy produced from anaerobic respiration
2 ATP/glucose
72
what bacteria use anaerobic respiration
environmentally significant bacteria
73
what is the positions of the two strands of DNA
antiparallel
74
what determines the position of the strand of DNA?
the position of the deoxyribose sugar
75
when the 5 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the
5' prime to 3' prime strand
76
when the 3 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the
3' prime to 5' prime strand
77
what is the enzyme that unzips and unwinds the 2 strands of DNA?
helicase
78
what is the name of the protein that holds the 2 strands of DNA apart?
SSB (single strand binding)- protein
79
what is the name of the strand that is in the 5' to 3' prime position that is made in a continuous strand
the leading strand
80
what is the name of the strand that is in the 3' to 5' prime
the parental strand
81
if the parental strand is in the 5' to 3' prime position than what do you need to build the second strand?
okasaky fragments
82
what enzyme fuses the okasaky fragments together
lygase
83
what is the name of the strand that the okasaky fragments are making
the lagging strand
84
what are the okasaky fragments made of
up to 1,000 nucleotids in length
85
bacteria replicate at a rate of ?
1,000 nucleotids per second
86
what enzyme is used to help correct and find mutations during DNA replication?
polymerase
87
how many mistakes are there during bacteria DNA replication
1 in a billion
88
in the eukaryotes where is transcription taking place?
in the nucleus
89
in the eukaryotes where is translation taking place?
in the ribosomes
90
what attaches to the ribosome?
the mRNA
91
what is the job of the mRNA?
to copy the code and to make protein
92
in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place?
in the nucleoid region
93
in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place
it attaches to the ribosome in the nucleoid region
94
what direction can polymerase add neucleotides?
in the 5' to 3' direction
95
what is the area called where the helicases have broken the bonds of the DNA strands
the replication fork
96
in prokaryotes what is the replication called that the helicases go in both directions from the point of origin
bidirectional replication
97
replication in bacteria is x_____ related to the multiple directions of the replication
4 times in the bacteria`
98
during the bridge reaction when a carbon molecule is removed from the pyruvic acid ( 3 C ) what do you get?
a (2 C) acetyl which is added to CoenzymeA and 2 NADH molecules

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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