Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four themes essential to development research?
A
- Each person’s development is a complex interaction between them and the world.
- The process of development is universal but also unique to each person.
- Culture and community context are critical.
- Change is constant, but some elements of ourselves remain the same.
2
Q
What is plasticity?
A
The brain’s ability to adjust to the environment.
3
Q
What is context?
A
The term used by developmental scientists to describe the broad external factors that surround and influence each individual.
Example: Where and when you live, your culture, etc.
4
Q
What is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?
A
Environments that affect development are organized into a series of nested systems, like the layers of an onion, that interact with each other.
5
Q
What are the systems in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?
A
- The Individual
- The Microsystem: Closest people and institutions that influence life.
- The Mesosystem: Interactions of various microsystems.
- The Exosystem: Institutions that structure our community.
- The Macrosystem: Broad cultural contexts.
6
Q
What is García Coll’s integrative model?
A
Highlights how social position helps determine how people are affected by context and culture.
7
Q
What are the areas looked at in García Coll’s integrative model?
A
- Social Position: Race, wealth, ethnicity, etc.
- Adaptive Culture: Traditions and histories.
- Competencies: Skills like communication and coping.
- Racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression.
- Family: Structure and beliefs.
- Individual Characteristics: Personality and health.
- Environment Institutions: Schools and healthcare.
8
Q
What is Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth model?
A
Identifies areas of strength and resilience that help marginalized individuals succeed.
9
Q
What are the components of Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth model?
A
- Aspirational Capital: Maintaining hopes despite barriers.
- Linguistic Capital: Communication skills.
- Familial Capital: Sense of togetherness.
- Social Capital: Networks of support.
- Navigating Capital: Skills for maneuvering through social institutions.
- Resistant Capital: Knowledge developed in practices that challenge inequality.
10
Q
What are Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
A
- Trust vs Mistrust (birth - 18 months)
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 yrs)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-8)
- Industry vs Inferiority (8-12)
- Identity vs Confusion (12-19)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (20-39)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (39-60)
- Ego vs Integrity (60-death)
11
Q
What is Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development?
A
Growth in thinking and understanding happens as a result of active exploration of the world.
12
Q
What are the stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?
A
- Sensorimotor (birth-2)
- Preoperational (2-6 or 7)
- Concrete Operational (6 or 7-11 or 12)
- Formal Operational (11-adulthood)
13
Q
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Development Theory?
A
Believed that cognitive maturation results from complex social interactions between children and their environment.
14
Q
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
A
The range of what students can learn with adult help.
15
Q
What is a longitudinal study?
A
The study of the same group of people over time.
16
Q
What is a cross-sectional study?
A
A study that compares development in two or more groups.
17
Q
What is a correlation study?
A
A study that looks for relationships between variables without manipulating them.
18
Q
What is an experiment in research methods?
A
The act of testing a hypothesis that one factor is caused by another.
19
Q
What is evolutionary psychology?
A
The idea that life on earth develops and changes to adapt to the environment over successive generations.
20
Q
What are genes?
A
Sections of DNA that code for particular proteins.
21
Q
What is DNA?
A
A spiral-shaped structure made up of paired chemicals that carries the genetic code.
22
Q
What are chromosomes?
A
The 23 pairs of long molecules of DNA containing genetic information.
23
Q
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
A
Genotypes are the alleles that give you your phenotype (observable characteristics).
24
Q
What are the periods of prenatal development?
A
- Germinal Stage: First week of development.
- Embryonic Stage: Weeks 2 through 8.
- Fetal Stage: Weeks 9 through birth.
25
What is a teratogen?
Factors that damage the fetus, including diseases and environmental pollutants.
26
What is infertility?
Failing to get pregnant after at least 12 months of trying.
27
What is the APGAR scale?
A quick medical evaluation of newborns assessing breathing, activity, responsiveness, and heart rate.
28
What are infant reflexes?
Automatic responses to stimuli, such as rooting or grasping.
29
What is SIDS?
The unexplained and sudden death of an infant under one year old, usually during sleep.
30
What are gross motor skills?
Bigger movements like walking, jumping, or skipping.
31
What are fine motor skills?
Small movements requiring precision, like writing or buttoning a shirt.
32
What is myelination?
The lifelong process of adding myelin to axon; speeds up communication between axons.
33
What is SIDS?
The unexplained and sudden death of an infant under one year old, usually during sleep, after thorough investigation.
34
What makes a child more susceptible to SIDS?
Sleep position, birth weight, and environmental factors.
35
Difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?
Gross Motor Skills: Bigger movements like walking, jumping, or skipping. Fine Motor Skills: Small movements requiring precise coordination, like picking up little objects, swallowing, or pointing.
36
What is palmar grasp?
Powerful, whole-hand grasp.
37
What is pincer grasp?
Coordinating the thumb and finger to hold small objects.
38
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the detection of physical stimuli by our sensory organs, while perception is the interpretation and conscious experience of those sensations, influenced by our experiences and expectations.
39
What is the cephalocaudal pattern of development?
Development that occurs in a head-downward pattern, beginning with a baby’s ability to support their heavy head.
40
What is the proximodistal pattern of development?
A pattern of physical development in which control of movement begins in the core and expands outward.
41
What does the Sensorimotor stage of development involve according to Piaget?
Look at Chapter 2.
42
What are schemas?
The word for each bit of knowledge a person develops (a skill or concept).
43
What is assimilation?
The expansion of an existing schema with new knowledge or experience.
44
What is accommodation?
The process of reorganizing knowledge based on new experiences.
45
What is implicit memory?
Memory of new skills and processes and ability to habituate.
46
What is explicit memory?
Memory of names, dates, and details.
47
What is sticky fixation?
Struggling to move from looking at one thing to another (babies have it).
48
What is joint attention?
The process of focusing on something with someone else.
49
What are some milestones of language development in infancy?
Fast-Mapping: A child’s ability to quickly learn new words. Overextension: An error in which a child assumes that a specific term relates to a larger category. Underextension: An error in which a child insists that a word only applies to a specific member of the group.
50
What is the nativist approach to language?
A theoretical perspective that maintains that babies are born knowing a great deal about how the world works.
51
What is universal grammar?
A child’s inborn ability to recognize and use grammar.
52
What is babbling?
Short, repetitive, syllable sounds, like ba-ba-ba or pa-pa-pa, begin at about 4 months and become more speechlike by 7 months.
53
What is infant directed speech (IDS)?
Adults’ use of high-pitched, sing-songy tones and simple sentences when they talk to infants.
54
What are emotions?
Reactions to your thoughts or your environment that involve your body, your thoughts, and your behaviors.
55
What is the difference between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions?
Primary emotions are basic emotions, while self-conscious emotions involve self-awareness and social evaluation.
56
What is stranger anxiety?
Babies’ demonstration of caution around new people, which emerges by about 8 months.
57
What is temperament?
An early pattern of personality in infants and toddlers.
58
What are Chess and Thomas’ classifications of temperament?
Easy: Flexible and usually content. Slow-to-warm-up: Shy and slow to adjust. Difficult: Easily frustrated and slow to adapt.
59
What is attachment?
An emotional bond in a close relationship, beginning with the relationship between infants and their caregivers.
60
What is the Strange Situation?
An empirical method for evaluating the attachment status of toddlers.
61
What is secure attachment?
Children who have a sense of trust in their caregivers that allows them to explore their environment.
62
What is insecure attachment?
Children who have not established a sense of trust in their caregivers to soothe them when they are upset.
63
What is insecure-resistant attachment?
Characterized by babies’ angry and hostile responses to their caregiver who they perceive as inconsistent.
64
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
Characterized by babies’ emotional distance from their caregivers.
65
What is disorganized attachment?
Children who have unusual responses in the Strange Situation procedure.
66
What is episodic memory?
Long-term memory for specific events.
67
What is semantic memory?
Remembering facts, lists, and dates of unrelated information.
68
What is working memory?
A type of short-term memory that is essential to learning and problem solving.
69
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Vygotsky’s term for the range of what students can learn with adult help.
70
What is scaffolding?
Teaching that engages children by considering their interests and individual abilities.
71
What is the Theory of Mind?
The ability to understand that other people have different beliefs, ideas, and desires.
72
What is the stage according to Erikson’s theory in Early Childhood?
Initiative vs Guilt.
73
What is self-concept?
A sense of who you are.
74
What is self-esteem?
How one feels about themselves in general.
75
What is emotional regulation?
The ability to manage emotions appropriately to the situation.
76
What is gender schema?
A framework for understanding the world in terms of cultural expectations related to gender identity.
77
What is gender identity?
Someone's sense of self as a girl, boy, or another less binary or more fluid label.
78
What is gender typing?
The embedding of gender stereotypes in children’s environments and even their personalities.
79
What is authoritative parenting?
High warmth, high demandingness.
80
What is authoritarian parenting?
Low warmth, high demandingness.
81
What is permissive parenting?
High warmth, low demandingness.
82
What is neglectful parenting?
Low warmth, low demandingness.
83
What is prosocial behavior?
Behaviors that are helpful or caring toward someone else.
84
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
The stage of concrete operations in Piaget's theory.
85
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Gardner’s idea that intelligence is a broad set of discrete abilities.
86
What is metamemory?
The awareness of the process of remembering.
87
What is metacognition?
Awareness of how you are thinking and reflecting on it.
88
What is self-efficacy?
The belief in one’s ability to make a change or have an impact.
89
What is the stage of development in middle childhood according to Erikson?
Industry vs Inferiority.
90
What is emotional regulation in middle childhood?
The ability to manage your feelings in a way that is appropriate to your community circumstances.
91
What is self-concept in middle childhood?
Refers to how children perceive themselves in various domains.
92
What is the Five-Factor Model of personality?
The way researchers measure personality.
93
What are the social status categories for children in middle childhood?
Popular, Controversial, Rejected, Neglected, Average.
94
What is the Preconventional Stage in Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
Children use concrete and self-centered reasoning.
95
What is the Conventional Stage in Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
Children think more abstractly about what is right and wrong.
96
What is the Postconventional Stage in Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
People can think abstractly about right and wrong as something that supersedes rules and laws.
