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HG&D Final > Wrap up Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Wrap up Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

A set of ideas or principles used to explain observed phenomena or behavior

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2
Q

biological perspective in development

A

A viewpoint that emphasizes the influence of genetics, brain function, and other biological processes on development.

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3
Q

evolution

A

The process through which species change over time due to genetic mutations and natural selection

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4
Q

ethology

A

The study of animal and human behavior from an evolutionary perspective, focusing on innate behaviors

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5
Q

epigenetics

A

The study of changes in gene expression caused by environmental factors, without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

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6
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

Theory of development that emphasizes the influence of unconscious forces, early experiences, and relationships on behavior

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7
Q

psychosexual stages

A

Freud’s theory that personality develops through five stages based on pleasure-seeking energies centered on different areas of the body.

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8
Q

attachment theory

A

A theory that explains how early relationships with caregivers shape emotional development and future relationships.

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

A theory that focuses on how behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, often through conditioning.

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a conditioned response (Pavlov’s dogs)

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

A form of learning where behavior is influenced by rewards or punishments.

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12
Q

Social learning theory

A

A theory that emphasizes learning through observing and imitating others, and the role of cognitive factors in learning.

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13
Q

reinforcement

A

The process of strengthening a behavior by providing a reward or positive consequence.

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14
Q

punishment in behaviorism

A

The process of decreasing a behavior by introducing an unpleasant consequence or removing a pleasant one.

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15
Q

cognitive development theory

A

Piaget’s theory that children go through stages of cognitive growth, actively constructing knowledge through experiences.

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16
Q

schema

A

A mental framework or structure that organizes and interprets information

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17
Q

assimilation

A

The process of integrating new information into existing schemas

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18
Q

accommodation

A

The process of altering existing schemas to incorporate new information

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19
Q

Piaget’s stage theory of development

A

theory that describes cognitive development in children through four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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19
Q

Stage in developmental theories?

A

A distinct, orderly phase of development, often characterized by specific behaviors or skills

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20
Q

sociocultural theory

A

Vygotsky’s theory that cognitive development is influenced by social interactions and cultural practices

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20
Q

cultural perspective in development

A

viewpoint that emphasizes the impact of culture on the way people think, feel, and behave across different contexts.

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21
Q

information processing

A

theory focusing on how humans process, store, and retrieve information, similar to how a computer functions.

22
Q

scientific method

A

systematic process for conducting research, involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, and analysis.

23
experiment
A research method where variables are manipulated to determine their effects on other variables.
24
hypothesis
A testable prediction about the relationship between variables in a study.
25
variables
Any factors that can be measured or manipulated in an experiment (e.g., independent and dependent variables).
26
independent variable
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent
27
dependent variable
The variable that is measured in an experiment, influenced by changes in the independent variable.
28
correlational study
A research method used to examine the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them
29
case study
An in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group, often used to explore rare conditions.
30
ethnography
A research method that involves observing and studying people in their natural cultural environment.
31
longitudinal research
A study that follows the same group of individuals over a long period to observe changes over time.
32
cross-sectional study
A study that examines individuals of different ages or stages at one point in time
33
microgenetic research
A research method that studies the process of change in individuals over short periods of time during specific developmental transitions.
33
cross-sequential study
A research method that combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches, tracking different age groups over time.
34
quantitative research
A research method that involves collecting numerical data to understand patterns, relationships, or trends.
35
observation in research
A method of collecting data by watching and recording behaviors or phenomena in their natural setting
35
assessment
The process of measuring individual characteristics, behaviors, or abilities through various tools like tests or surveys
36
ethical standards in research
Guidelines that ensure research is conducted ethically, protecting participants' rights and ensuring the integrity of the study.
36
institutional Review Board (IRB)
A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards and protect participants.
37
cross-cultural research
A research method that compares developmental processes across different cultures to understand cultural influences on development
38
qualitative research
research method that involves collecting non-numerical data to explore experiences, behaviors, and social phenomena
39
Why do scientists use theory in developmental science?
Theories link ideas to findings, generate hypotheses, and help interpret evidence.
40
What does the biological perspective in development focus on?
The connection between the brain, body, and developmental changes, including the role of evolution and epigenetics.
41
What is psychodynamic theory?
The theory that early experiences shape personality development, including Freud’s stages and Erikson’s psychosocial stages.
42
What does the behaviorist perspective focus on?
Observable behavior and how it is learned through classical and operant conditioning.
43
What is cognitive development theory?
Piaget’s theory that children’s thinking matures through stages as they interact with their world.
44
How does the cultural perspective influence development?
It emphasizes how culture shapes thinking, relationships, and biology, as seen in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory.
45
What are the steps in the scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis, data collection, analysis, and sharing results.
46
Psychodynamic perspective
Focus on how early experiences shape personality.
46
What are ethical standards in research?
Guidelines that ensure research protects participants and maintains scientific integrity
47
Behaviorism
Learning through conditioning
48
Cognitive development
The theory of how thinking develops over time
49
Scientific method
A structured process for testing ideas scientifically
50
Sociocultural theory
Vygotsky’s theory of how culture shapes development.
51
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
the eight stages of development, 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood) 3. initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

HG&D Final (27 decks)

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