Wrap up Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cephalocaudal Development
Development that occurs in a head-downard pattern, beginning with a baby’s ability to support their heavy head
Proximodistal
A pattern of physical development in which control of movement begins in the core and expands outward
Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID)
When an otherwise healthy infant dies
Sleep-Related Suffocation: When sleep practices caused the death (ex: being smothered)
Synaptogenesis
The process of creating new synapses between neurons, which begins before birth and continues throughout the lifespan
Experience-Expectant Brain Development
Brain maturation that relies on nearly universal environmental inputs
Infancy = sensitive period for this type of development
Experience-Dependent Brain Development
Brain maturation that relies on the quantity or the quality of environmental input and, like all learning, continues throughout the lifespan
Perceptual Narrowing
The process by which infants become less sensitive to sensory input as they grow and begin to specialize in the sights and sounds to which they are exposed more often
Preferential Looking Technique
A procedure that measures what babies perceive in which researcher harness babies’ intrinsic interest in new things
Gross Motor Development/Big Body Play
walking, jumping, or skipping
Fine Motor Development
The development of small movements requiring precise coordination, like picking up little objects, swallowing, or pointing
Object Permanence
Piaget’s term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory (birth to 2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. Sub-stages include reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and the development of object permanence.
Habituation
A basic form of learning in which you become bored with something if you experience it repeatedly
Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)
Adults’ use of high-pitched, sing-songy tones and simple sentences when they talk to infants
Nativist
Believes language ability is innate and biologically programmed.
Habituation
A basic form of learning in which you become bored with something if you experience it repeatedly
Object Permanence
Piaget’s term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Underextension
An error in which a child insists that a word only applies to a specific member of the group, rather than the whole group itself
Cat applies only to their pet and not their neighbor’s pet
Overextension
An error in which a child assumes that a specific term relates to a larger category.
All birds are pigeons
Emergentist
Argues language development arises from the interaction between innate abilities and environmental influences, such as social interactions.
Language Development in Infancy
cooing (6 weeks), babbling (4-6 months), first words (around 12 months), and word combinations (18-24 months). Fast mapping is a process where toddlers learn new words quickly, often after hearing them only once.
Implicit Memory
Unconscious memory for skills, habits, and conditioned responses, which are often developed earlier in infancy.
Explicit Memory
Conscious memory that involves recalling facts, events, or experiences. This type of memory begins to emerge during the toddler years.
Pincer Grasp
A fine motor skill in which an infant uses their thumb and index finger to pick up small objects, typically developing around 9-12 months.
