Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA Replication, DNA Structure

Question 1

Describe the events where chromosomes exchange segments

Answer 1

First synapsis must occur so the homologous chromosomes can get close to each other. Then crossing over occurs where chromosomes exchange segments. We can see this at the chiasmata, where crossing over hasoccurred. This finally results in recombinants.

Question 2

First synapsis must occur so the homologous chromosomes can get close to each other. Then crossing over occurs where chromosomes exchange segments. We can see this at the chiasmata, where crossing over hasoccurred. This finally results in recombinants.

Answer 2

Describe the events where chromosomes exchange segments

Question 3

What is a Haplo

Answer 3

Haploid Sperm o

Question 4

Haploid Sperm o

Answer 4

What is a Haplo

Question 5

When does cell divide into approximately 2 equal halves during Mitosis

Answer 5

Cytokinesis

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

When does cell divide into approximately 2 equal halves during Mitosis

Question 7

During which phase of interphase does DNA replicate

Answer 7

Synthesis= S phase

Question 8

Synthesis= S phase

Answer 8

During which phase of interphase does DNA replicate

Question 9

During which phase does the cell prepare for division by rapidly producing proteins, and repair damages

Answer 9

G2

Question 10

G2

Answer 10

During which phase does the cell prepare for division by rapidly producing proteins, and repair damages

Question 11

G stands for…

Answer 11

Gap

Question 12

Gap

Answer 12

G stands for…

Question 13

what are chromosomes?

what are double chromosomes

sister chromatids

Answer 13

1 set of genetic info=1 chromosome

1 double chromosome= 2 identical chromatids held together by centromere

chromatids in the double chromosome

Question 14

1 set of genetic info=1 chromosome

1 double chromosome= 2 identical chromatids held together by centromere

chromatids in the double chromosome

Answer 14

what are chromosomes?

what are double chromosomes

sister chromatids

Question 15

In the following picture, point out interphase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase cells:

Answer 15

Interphase: 1

Prophase: 2, 3, 4, 5,

Metaphase: 6, 7

Anaphase; 8, 9

Telophase/ cytokinesis: 10

Question 16

Interphase: 1

Prophase: 2, 3, 4, 5,

Metaphase: 6, 7

Anaphase; 8, 9

Telophase/ cytokinesis: 10

Answer 16

In the following picture, point out interphase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase cells:

Question 17

A:

T:

G:

C:

ATGCGTACGC

Answer 17

T

A

C

G

Chose 1

TACGCATGCG

TTACGGCATC

TTAAAGCCTCT

ATCGATCGAAGG

Question 18

T

A

C

G

Chose 1

TACGCATGCG

TTACGGCATC

TTAAAGCCTCT

ATCGATCGAAGG

Answer 18

A:

T:

G:

C:

ATGCGTACGC

Question 19

Define Cell division

Answer 19

When 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Question 20

When 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Answer 20

Define Cell division

Question 21

Histones

Answer 21

Protein around which DNA is wrapped around, so that it is organized and neat

Question 22

Protein around which DNA is wrapped around, so that it is organized and neat

Answer 22

Histones

Question 23

Chromatin

Answer 23

DNA + histones

Question 24

DNA + histones

Answer 24

Chromatin

Question 25

# Define Mitosis Centromere cell Cycle cytokinesis

Answer 25

division of genetic material of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells part of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach an orderly sequence of events that extends from the time a cell first arises until it divides itself division of rest of cell and cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells along with organelles, cleavage and cell plate

Question 26

division of genetic material of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells part of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach an orderly sequence of events that extends from the time a cell first arises until it divides itself division of rest of cell and cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells along with organelles, cleavage and cell plate

Answer 26

# Define Mitosis Centromere cell Cycle cytokinesis

Question 27

Describe Interphase

Answer 27

cell growth production of molecules and new organelles by G2, two centrosomes exist and DNA has replicated

Question 28

cell growth production of molecules and new organelles by G2, two centrosomes exist and DNA has replicated

Answer 28

Describe Interphase

Question 29

Describe Prophase

Answer 29

chromosomes form nuclear envelope disappears centromeres exist centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle appears as microtubules projecting from centrosomes. spindle microtubules can now reach centromeres some attach to chromosomes others attach to opposite microtubules spindle moves chromosomes to center of cell

Question 30

chromosomes form nuclear envelope disappears centromeres exist centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle appears as microtubules projecting from centrosomes. spindle microtubules can now reach centromeres some attach to chromosomes others attach to opposite microtubules spindle moves chromosomes to center of cell

Answer 30

Describe Prophase

Question 31

Describe Metaphase

Answer 31

mitotic spindle is fully formed chromosomes are equator of cell

Question 32

mitotic spindle is fully formed chromosomes are equator of cell

Answer 32

Describe Metaphase

Question 33

Describe Anaphase

Answer 33

Anaphase begins suddenly sisters seperate Each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome kinetocores walk chromatids to end of cell these microtubules shorten microtobules not attached to kinetocores lengthen, elongating cell

Question 34

Anaphase begins suddenly sisters seperate Each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome kinetocores walk chromatids to end of cell these microtubules shorten microtobules not attached to kinetocores lengthen, elongating cell

Answer 34

Describe Anaphase

Question 35

Describe telophase

Answer 35

Telophase begins when chromosomes reach end of cell nucleus forms chromosomes uncoil spindle vansishes mitosis is done, after 2 nuclei born cytokinesis occurs

Question 36

Telophase begins when chromosomes reach end of cell nucleus forms chromosomes uncoil spindle vansishes mitosis is done, after 2 nuclei born cytokinesis occurs

Answer 36

Describe telophase

Question 37

describe the basis

Answer 37

the replication is semiconservative because the parent DNA strand is the template for the new DNA strand and the daughter strand is half new half old.

Question 38

the replication is semiconservative because the parent DNA strand is the template for the new DNA strand and the daughter strand is half new half old.

Answer 38

describe the basis

Question 39

how polymerase makes it all happen

Answer 39

first the cell must make enough nucleoside tripsophates before the S phase. when DNA polymerase does its job, it breaks the 2 phosphates off of the triphosphate and then it canautomaticallymake the phosphodiester bond. the remaining group of 2 phosphate falls off is called Pyrophosphate.

Question 40

first the cell must make enough nucleoside tripsophates before the S phase. when DNA polymerase does its job, it breaks the 2 phosphates off of the triphosphate and then it canautomaticallymake the phosphodiester bond. the remaining group of 2 phosphate falls off is called Pyrophosphate.

Answer 40

how polymerase makes it all happen

Question 41

Desribe Helicase and SSBs

Answer 41

The DNA must be unzipped to expose N bases by breaking H bonds. The place where helicaseseparates strands is replication origin Continuim is replication fork SSB will prevent strands from reannleaing

Question 42

The DNA must be unzipped to expose N bases by breaking H bonds. The place where helicaseseparates strands is replication origin Continuim is replication fork SSB will prevent strands from reannleaing

Answer 42

Desribe Helicase and SSBs

Question 43

RNA primase and DNA polymerase all other enzymes

Answer 43

DNA polymerase, enzyme that extends the DNA chain can only add nucleotides to 3 prime end of an existing chain Thus RNA primase creates a starting block of RNA primers and polymerase starts adding nucleotides DNA polymerase starts extending a nucleic chain by adding nucleotides to the primer. it uses nuceloside triphophsates, which cell made before S-phase. As soon as DNA is unzipped these triphosphates would come close to their complemantary ones on the parent strand. Polymerase just connects them. Sliding Clamp helps polymerase attach to parent and be more effecient and fast and increase processivity RnaseH removes RNA primers and polymerase replaces them with real DNA strands To connect DNA fragments and any gaps, ligase does it between Okazakis and at end points of DNA strand and uses ATP Rna

Question 44

DNA polymerase, enzyme that extends the DNA chain can only add nucleotides to 3 prime end of an existing chain Thus RNA primase creates a starting block of RNA primers and polymerase starts adding nucleotides DNA polymerase starts extending a nucleic chain by adding nucleotides to the primer. it uses nuceloside triphophsates, which cell made before S-phase. As soon as DNA is unzipped these triphosphates would come close to their complemantary ones on the parent strand. Polymerase just connects them. Sliding Clamp helps polymerase attach to parent and be more effecient and fast and increase processivity RnaseH removes RNA primers and polymerase replaces them with real DNA strands To connect DNA fragments and any gaps, ligase does it between Okazakis and at end points of DNA strand and uses ATP Rna

Answer 44

RNA primase and DNA polymerase all other enzymes

Question 45

Somatic Cell

Answer 45

A typical body cell

Question 46

A typical body cell

Answer 46

Somatic Cell

Question 47

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 47

The two chromosomes in a matching pair of same size, same sequence of genes, and staining pattern. One comes from DAD other from Mom

Question 48

The two chromosomes in a matching pair of same size, same sequence of genes, and staining pattern. One comes from DAD other from Mom

Answer 48

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 49

Autosomes

Answer 49

The remaining chromosomes, The non sex ones

Question 50

The remaining chromosomes, The non sex ones

Answer 50

Autosomes

Question 51

The Life cycle of an organism

Answer 51

The Life cycle of an organism is the sequence of stages leading from adults of generation to next 

Question 52

The Life cycle of an organism is the sequence of stages leading from adults of generation to next 

Answer 52

The Life cycle of an organism

Question 53

List phases

Answer 53

Prophase 1 Homologous chromosomes form synapsis and cross over and increases variation by exchanging segments Metaphase 1 tetrads align one homologous is towards one pole, other one is to the other pole. Anaphase I: chromosomes migrate towards the poles but as sister chromoatids as a pair not seperated from each other. Telophase I: same as is the mitosis By the end it creates 2 haploids Meiosis 2: Essentially the same as mitosios but starts with haploids and in the end chromatids seperated away from each other

Question 54

Prophase 1 Homologous chromosomes form synapsis and cross over and increases variation by exchanging segments Metaphase 1 tetrads align one homologous is towards one pole, other one is to the other pole. Anaphase I: chromosomes migrate towards the poles but as sister chromoatids as a pair not seperated from each other. Telophase I: same as is the mitosis By the end it creates 2 haploids Meiosis 2: Essentially the same as mitosios but starts with haploids and in the end chromatids seperated away from each other

Answer 54

List phases

Question 55

LIST WAYS HOW MEIOSIS CREATES VARIATION

Answer 55

IN metaphase 1 and 2 chromosomes align up variety of possible ways: Equation to determine the number of possible ways: 2=homologous ^x=haploid # 2^x= # of possible ways 2^3=8 ways

Question 56

IN metaphase 1 and 2 chromosomes align up variety of possible ways: Equation to determine the number of possible ways: 2=homologous ^x=haploid # 2^x= # of possible ways 2^3=8 ways

Answer 56

LIST WAYS HOW MEIOSIS CREATES VARIATION

Question 57

how crossing over creates variation

Answer 57

homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasma (plural chiasma ) which results in genetic recombination which makes recombinant chromosmomes.

Question 58

homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasma (plural chiasma ) which results in genetic recombination which makes recombinant chromosmomes.

Answer 58

how crossing over creates variation