Module 14: Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
lymph
A
a clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of thin-walled lymph vessels that extends throughout the body
2
Q
what two types of white blood cells is contained in lymph?
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
3
Q
What is lymph made up of?
A
Similar to blood liquid it has plasma - water, salts, sugar, and wastes, but has less proteins
4
Q
interstitial fluid
A
the fluid that surrounds body cells
5
Q
lymph capillaries
A
thin-walled vessels where interstitial fluid passes continuously i
6
Q
lymph nodes
A
clusters of lymph tissue
7
Q
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- drainage system
- absorb lipids from the small intestines and transport them to the bloodstream
- immune system defense
8
Q
immune system
A
the defense of the body against foreign organisms such as bacteria and viruses
9
Q
lymph capillaries
A
begin at the spaces around cells throughout the body (similar to blood capillaries)
10
Q
lymph vessels
A
larger with thicker walls than those of lymph capillaries and like veins, contain valves so that lymph flows in only one direction toward the thoracic cavity
11
Q
List the major sites of lymph node concentration
A
- cervical (neck)
- axillary (armpit)
- mediastinal (chest)
- mesenteric (intestinal)
- paraaortic (lumbar)
- inguinal (groin)
- tonsils (oropharynx)
- adenoids (nasopharynx)
12
Q
Where do lymph vessels lead to?
A
toward the thoracic cavity and empty into two large ducts in the upper chest
13
Q
right lymphatic duct
A
located in the upper chest and drains the right side of the head and chest
14
Q
left lymphatic duct
A
located in the upper chest and drains the lower body and the left side of the head
15
Q
large veins
A
the ducts carry the lymph into these found in the neck where it then enters the bloodstream
16
Q
what do lymph nodes do?
A
they produce lymphocytes, filter lymph, and trap substances from infectious, inflammatory, and cancerous lesions
17
Q
macrophages
A
special cells located in lymph nodes (as well as spleen and liver) that swallow (phagocytes) foreign substances
18
Q
what happens when bacteria is present in lymph nodes?
A
the nodes in that particular area of the body become swollen with collections of cells and their engulfed debris and become tender
19
Q
B lymphocytes (B cells)
A
specialized lymphocytes produced from lymph nodes which produce antibodies
20
Q
T lymphocytes (T cells)
A
specialized lymphocytes produced from lymph nodes which attack bacteria and foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell as foreign and destroying it
21
Q
Where do B Cells mature?
A
in bone marrow
22
Q
Where do T Cells mature?
A
in the thymus gland
23
Q
spleen
A
located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, next to the stomach
24
Q
What are the functions of the spleen?
A
- destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages
- filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
- activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)
- storage of blood
25
what happens after a splenectomy?
the liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes take over the functions of the spleen
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thymus gland
a lymphatic organ located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs
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thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland
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What is the role of the thymus gland?
the ability to protect the body from disease (immunity)
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tolerance
the process that occurs in early development, the thymus lymphocytes learn to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly
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autoimmune disease
when the tolerance process fails, immune cells react against normal cells resulting in various pathologic conditions
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aut/o
self
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what is the specialization of the immune system?
to defend the body against antigens
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what does the immune system include?
leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages/ phagocytes), lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids (which produces lymphocytes and antibodies)
34
immunity
the body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
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natural immunity
is resistance present at birth and is not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen
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antigen
infectious agent
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neutrophils
travel to the infected area and ingest bacteria
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what does NK stand for?
Natural Killer Cells
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adaptive immunity
the body's ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response (T and B cells)
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T cells role in the adaptive response?
they recognize and remember specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered
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B cells role in the adaptive response?
they secrete antibodies against antigens
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vaccination
example of adaptive immunity, you are given an injection of a killed virus that doesn't make you ill, but stimulates your B cells to secrete antibodies against that virus so that if you are exposed to it at a later time then you are prepared
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when do we need immediate adaptive immunity?
when you come in contact with poisons (toxins) that rapidly cause major damage, must be counteracted by giving ready-made antibodies called antitoxins
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antoxins
ready-made antibodies for immediate adaptive immunity situations
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the role of immunoglobulins in adaptive immunity?
can boost your adaptive immunity before you travel to a foreign country
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maternal antibodies
given to infants through the placenta or breast milk for adaptive immunity
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what are the two components of adaptive immunity?
1. humoral immunity
2. cell-mediated immunity
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humoral immunity
when B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses and bacteria)
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plasma cell
a mature B cell
50
What does Ig stand for?
Immunoglobulin
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What does IgG do?
a type of immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta to provide immunity for newborns
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What does IgE do?
a type of immunoglobulin that is important in allergic reactions and in fighting parasitic infections
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cell-mediated immunity
a process that does not involve antibodies, rather involves several types of T cells with different functions
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cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)
attach to antigens and directly kill them and secretes cytokines (interferons and interleukins)
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what are interferons and interleukins?
they are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and aid other cells in antigen destruction
56
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
assist B cells in making antibodies and they stimulate T cells to attack antigens
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Suppressor T cells (aka regulatory T cells or Tregs)
inhibit both B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body's own good cells
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complement system
a group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their target
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dendritic cell
another warrior which initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells, showing them precisely what they need to counteract
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List the 3 types of T cells
1. cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
2. helper T cells (CD4+)
3. suppressor T cells (Tregs)
61
Immunotherapy
the use of antibodies, B cells, and T cells to treat disease such as cancer
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What are 3 types of immunotherapy?
1. monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
2. Vaccines
3. transfer of immune cells
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monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
these are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques and designed to attack specific cancer cells
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vaccines
these preparations contain antigens (proteins) from a patient's tumor cells to stimulate the patient's own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells
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transfer of immune cells
in bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient's immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
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what are examples of passive immunotherapy?
monoclonal antibodies and transfer of immune cells
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what is an example of active immunotherapy?
vaccines
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antibody
protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
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axillary nodes
lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm)
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cervical nodes
lymph nodes in the neck region
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inguinal nodes
lymph nodes in the groin region
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lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
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macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body that eat antigens
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phag/o
to eat or swallow
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mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity
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paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
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tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
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toxin
poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
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immun/o
protection
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lymph/o
lymph
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lymphopoiesis
refers to the generation of lymphocytes
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lymphoid
resembling lymph
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lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
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lymphadenopathy
disease of lymph nodes
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lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
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splen/o
spleen
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splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
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splenectomy
removal of the spleen
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asplenia
condition of no spleen
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hypersplenism
a syndrome marked by splenomegaly and often associated with blood cell destruction, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
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thym/o
thymus gland
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tox/o
poison
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ana-
again, anew
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inter-
between
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-phylaxis
protection
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-stitial
pertaining to standing or positioned
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what does SCID stand for?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
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severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
affected infants are born with a deficiency of B and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
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what does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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What causes AIDS?
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys helper T cells
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opportunistic infections
when the immune response is disrupted it lowers resistance and allows infections to take over
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candidiasis
an opportunistic infection with AIDS is a yeast-like fungus, normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina which overgrows causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin
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cryptococcal infection (Crypto)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS is a yeast-like fungus which causes lung, brain, and blood infections. This pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil
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cryptosporidiosis
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. This pathogen is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
an opportunistic infection with AIDS and is a virus that causes enteritis and retinitis. Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually disease only when the immune system is compromised
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retinitis
inflammation of the retina t the back of the eye
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what does CMV stand for?
CytoMegaloVirus infection
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herpes simplex
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a viral infection causing small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals and can also cause encephalitis
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histoplasmosis (Histo)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; fever chills, and lung infection. This pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellular (MAI) complex infection
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections
112
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a one-celled organism causing lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. This pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals.
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How is PCP treated?
it is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of antibiotics, or with pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled can prevent occurrence
114
toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis, and seizures. The pathogen is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products or raw eggs or vegetables
115
tuberculosis (TB)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a bacterial disease involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum
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Kaposi sarcoma
a cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodule
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lymphoma
cancer of lymph nodes
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wasting syndrome
marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
119
HIV-positive
persons who were exposed to HIC and now have antibodies in their blood against the virus
120
what are the three routes HIV may be transmitted?
1. sexual contact
2. blood inoculation (through sharing contaminated needles, accidental needlesticks, or contact with contaminated blood or blood products
3. infected mothers to newborns
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how long can HIV-infected patients remain asymptomatic?
10 years
122
What are the signs and symptoms of HIV?
lymphadenopathy, neurologic disease, oral thrush, night sweats, fatigue, and evidence of opportunistic infections
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reverse transcriptase (RT)
a viral enzyme drug used to treat AIDS, after invading the helper T cell, HIV releases the drug to help it grow and and multiply inside the cell
124
examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)
zidovudine and lamivudine
125
protease inhibitors
a second class of anti-HIV drugs, HIV needs protease to reproduce
126
What does HAART stand for?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
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allergy
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
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all/o
other
129
allergic reactions
occur when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen), reacts violently to a subsequent exposure
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allergic rhinitis
hay fever (mild allergic reaction)
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systemic anaphylaxis
an extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body, leading to a fall in blood pressure (hypotension), shock, respiratory distress, and edema (swelling) of the larynx
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asthma
caused by pollens, dust, and mold
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hives
caused by food or drugs
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atopic dermatitis
rash from soaps, cosmetics, and chemicals
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atopic
related to atopy
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atopy
a hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition
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what does it mean when a person is atopic?
they are prone to allergies
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lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
139
What are the 3 types of lymphoma?
1. Hodgkin disease
2. multiple myeloma
3. thymoma
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Hodgkin disease
a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
141
lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
142
Reed-Sternberg cell
a malignant cell used to diagnose Hodgkin disease
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what are the symptoms of Hodgkin disease?
lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite
144
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
include follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
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follicular lymphoma
composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement
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large cell lymphoma
composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely
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multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
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plasma cells
antibody-producing B lymphocytes
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
a disorder of malignant B cells that produce large quantities of IgM and impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes causing hyperviscosity syndrome
150
What is IgM?
a type of immunoglobulin with a high molecular weight
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hyperviscosity syndrome
thickening of the blood
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thymoma
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
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CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
154
What is a normal CD4+ cell count?
between 500-1500 per mm3, if it falls below 250-200 it is recommended to start anti-HIV drug treatment
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ELISA
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
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Western blot test
a test that confirms ELISA
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What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
158
immunoelectrophoresis
test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)
159
viral load test
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
160
What are the two viral load tests?
1. PCR
2. NASBA
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What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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What does NASBA stand for?
Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification
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computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
164
CD4+ cell
helper T cells
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CD8+ cell
cytotoxic T cells
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Crypto
cryptococcus
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CMV
cytomegalovirus
168
G-CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
169
GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
170
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
171
HD
Hodgkin disease
172
Histo
histoplasmosis
173
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
174
HSV
herpes simplex virus
175
IL1 to IL5
interleukins
176
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
177
MAI
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
178
MoAb
monnoclonal antibody
179
NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
180
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
181
PI
protease inhibitor
182
RTI
reverse transcriptase inhibitor
183
SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
184
Treg
regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)
185
Toxo
toxoplasmosis
186
