Module 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
What is an atom?
A
The basic unit of all matter. Different types with their own name, mass, and size
2
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Composed of one or more atoms. Molecules are the smallest property of a substance
3
Q
What is an organelle?
A
Composed of more than one molecule to create complex structures that are membrane-bound and perform specific functions within a cell
4
Q
What is a cell?
A
Is a fundamental unit of all living tissue
5
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
Each cell has a protective outer layer and regulates the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment
6
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
Inside each cell is a gelatinous substance that holds the organelles
7
Q
What is the nucleus?
A
The central controlling body of the cell that regulates cell reproduction and determines the function of that cell
8
Q
Cyt/o
A
Cell
9
Q
-plasm
A
Formation
10
Q
Nucle/o
A
Nucleus
11
Q
What are chromosomes?
A
Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All cells have 46 except for mature sex cells which have 26 and unite during fertilization
12
Q
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
A
DNA
13
Q
What is DNA?
A
A code that directs the activities of the cell
14
Q
What are genes?
A
Regions inside chromosome that each contain a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
15
Q
Chrom/o
A
Colour
16
Q
-some
A
Body
17
Q
What is the importance of a genetic code?
A
They determine our individual traits like hair colour, skin colour, and eye colour
18
Q
What is a karyotype?
A
A microscopic photograph of chromosomes within the nucleus and is used to study the form, number, size, and arrangement
19
Q
Kary/o
A
Nucleus
20
Q
-type
A
Picture or classification
21
Q
Why do we study karyotypes?
A
To ensure the developing fetus has the correct number of chromosomes per cell
22
Q
What happens if there is an abnormal number (too many or too few) of chromosomes per cell?
A
An abnormal karyotype can indicate significant challenges for the fetus, like Down Syndrome aka Trisomy 21 Syndrome (47 instead of 46 chromosomes)
23
Q
What is the Mitochondria? (sing. mitochondrion)
A
An organelle that provides the main source of energy for a cell and has both an outer and inner membrane
24
Q
Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria
A
It is convoluted forming folds called cristae (sing. crista). The energy level of the cell is related to how many mitochondria it has and how many cristae are in each one
25
How do mitochondria produce energy for the cell?
Through a process called catabolism
26
What is catabolism?
Complex nutrients are broken down into simpler substances. Those substances are burned in the presence of oxygen and the released energy is made available for the work of the cell
27
Cata-
Down
28
Bol/o
To cast
29
-ism
Process or condition
30
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A network of canals distributed throughout the cytoplasm
31
What are ribosomes?
Attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum and manufactures proteins for the cell
32
How do ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell?
They synthesize proteins with the cell converting simple proteins into complex compounds in a process called anabolism
33
Ana-
Up
34
Bol
To cast
35
What does anabolism do?
It supports new cell growth
36
What is metabolism?
Uses both processes (catabolism and anabolism) and is the sum of all chemical processes that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life
37
Meta-
Change
38
What are muscle cells?
They make it possible for the body to move because they can contract. They are made up of tiny fibers that forcefully slide together
39
What are epithelial cells?
They form linings of the internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin/ body. This cell is usually flat and square
40
What are nerve cells?
They have long extensions to help transmit impulses to and from the brain (kind of like tree branches)
41
What are fat cells?
Large with little cytoplasm and a displaced nucleus to allow for more fat storage (kind of like an egg)
42
What is tissue?
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Different types of tissue can combine into organs
43
What are the different types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
44
Hist/o
Tissue
45
What is epithelial tissue?
Forms the outer covering of the body and lines cavities, internal organs, or viscera. Offers protection from injury/ disease and performs absorption, secretion, and sensation functions
46
Epi-
Above
47
Viscer/o
Viscera
48
What is muscle tissue?
Composed of slender cells called fibers which enable movement by contracting
49
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
50
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
Attaches to the bones and is called voluntary muscle tissue because its contractions are consciously controlled
51
What is smooth muscle tissue?
Found in the hollow internal structures such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels and has involuntary muscle movement
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What is cardiac muscle tissue?
Comprises the walls of the heart and has involuntary muscle movement
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What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports and shapes the body, binds internal organs in place, and transports substances between body parts
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What is are examples of connective tissue?
Bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue), and blood
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Chondr/o
Cartilage
56
Adip/o
Fat or fatty tissue
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What is nerve tissue?
Found in nerve cells, spinal cord, and the brain and coordinates/ controls body activities. All cells have the ability to react to stimuli and conduct impulses to various organs in the body
58
Neur/o
Nerves
59
What are organs?
A group of tissues that work together to do a specific job
60
What is the medical term for internal body organs
Viscera (sing. viscus)
61
What is a body system?
A group of organs that work together to perform related functions
62
Which organs make up the digestive system?
The mouth, throat (or pharynx), esophagus, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines
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urin/o
Urine
64
-ary
Pertaining to
65
re-
again
66
spir/o
to breathe
67
endo-
within
68
-crine
to secrete
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cardi/o
Heart
70
vascul/o
Vessel
71
-ar
Pertaining to
72
muscul/o
Muscle
73
Skelet/o
Skeleton
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-al
Pertaining to
75
Integument
Covering
76
What is the urinary system?
Consists of all the organs involved with the production and elimination of urine
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What organs make up the urinary system?
The kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra
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What are ureters?
Tubes from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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What is the urethra?
A tub from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
80
What is micturition or voiding?
When the urine travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra
81
Urinary
Excretory; Pertaining to urine
82
Cardiovascular
Circulatory; Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
83
Musculoskeletal
Pertaining to muscles and the skeleton
84
Ingementuary
Pertaining to covering or skin
85
What is respiration?
It is the process of breathing
86
What organs make up the respiratory system?
The nose, pharynx, larynx (or voice box), trachea (or windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs
87
laryng/o
Larynx
88
trache/o
Trachea
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List 10 body systems
1. Digestive
2. Cardiovascular
3. Lymphatic
4. Musculoskeletal
5. Integumentary
6. Respiratory
7. Urinary
8. Nervous
9. Endocrine
10. Male and Female Reproductive
90
How does the endocrine system function?
It functions to manufacture special chemicals called hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream where they affect the body's processes such as growth and metabolic rate
91
What organs make up the endocrine system?
The thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas, and parathyroid glands
92
What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints
93
What is adenohypophysis?
aka the anterior pituitary, is the frontal lobe of the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions e.g., endorphins
94
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, and thymus
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What is the function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
Transporting hormones and fluids to and from the body's cells delivered to various sites of the body via blood and lymph
96
What does the musculoskeletal system do?
It provides a frame for the body as well as a mechanism for movement
97
What makes up the musculoskeletal system?
Highly specialized connective tissue (bone and cartilage), joints, and cardiac, visceral, and skeletal muscle
98
What organs make up the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and groups of nerves called ganglia (sing. ganglion)
99
What organ(s) make up the integumentary system?
Skin and additional accessory structures like hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
100
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Plays a special role as a sense organ, provide protection to internal organs, helps regulate body temperature, and aids excretion of certain waste products
101
What is the function of the reproductive systems?
This system enables the conception and development of offspring
102
What organs make up the women reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (or womb), vagina, and mammary glands
103
What organs make up the male reproductive system?
The testes (sing. testis), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis
104
What organs make up the cardiovascular system?
The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
105
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, vessels, the spleen, and thymus gland
106
What are body cavities?
Internal spaces in the body that contain body organs
107
List the 5 body cavities
1. Cranial
2. Thoracic
3. Abdominal
4. Pelvic
5. Spinal
108
Posterior
Back
109
Crani/o
Skull
110
Spin/o
Spinal
111
What is contained in the dorsal cavity?
The cranial and spinal cavity because they are at the back of the body
112
What is contained in the cranial cavity?
Contains the brain and the pituitary gland
113
What is contained in the spinal cavity?
The nerves of the spinal cord
114
Anterior
Front
115
What cavities are found in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic because they are found in the front of the body
116
Ventral
Comes from the Latin word "belly" meaning front
117
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
The space between the base of the neck and the diaphragm that contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland
118
What are the two smaller cavities located in the thoracic cavity called?
The pleural cavity and the mediastinum
119
What is the pleura?
A membrane that folds back onto itself to form a double-layered membrane structure
120
What is the inner membrane of the pleura called?
The visceral pleura; covers the lungs and adjoining structures
121
What is the outer membrane of the pleura called?
The parietal pleura; it is attached to the chest wall
122
Where is the pleural cavity located?
The space between the inner and outer membrane which usually contains pleural fluid
123
Where is the mediastinum located?
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
124
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
The space below the chest containing the stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
125
Abdomin/o
Abdominal
126
What is the peritoneum?
An extensive double-layered membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
127
Important note about the abdominal cavity
Some of the large intestine extends into the pelvic cavity
128
Pelv/i
Pelvic
129
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Located below the abdomen it contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of the intestine, and the rectum
130
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The common term used because the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are not separated by a dividing structure
131
How many anatomic divisions or regions are there in the abdominopelvic cavity?
9
132
Where are the hypochondriac regions located?
The upper right and left sections of the abdominopelvic
133
Where is the epigastric region located?
Above the stomach separating the hypochondriac regions
134
Where are the lumbar regions located?
The right and left sections of the middle of the abdominopelvic
135
Where is the umbilical region located?
The middle of the abdominopelvic where the navel or umbilicus is located
136
Umbilic/o
Umbilicus
137
Where are the inguinal or iliac regions located?
The right and left lower sections of the abdominopelvic region because of their proximity to the ilium (hip bone)
138
ili/o
Ilium
139
inguin/o
Groin
140
Where is the hypogastric region located?
The lower section below the umbilicus or below the stomach
141
hypo-
Below
142
What is contained in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
The right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the right kidney
143
What is contained in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
The left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the left kidney
144
What is contained in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
Part of the small/large intestines, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube and ovary, right spermatic duct (in men)
145
What is contained in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
Portions of the intestinal tract, left ureter, left fallopian tube and ovary, left spermatic duct (in men)
146
How do you read abdominopelvic regions and quadrants?
The left and right are based on the patient's body and not how you view them. Take your right arm and put it on the right-hand side of someone in front of you
147
What is the spinal column?
A flexible structure that extends from the base of the skull down the length of the back
148
How many vertebrae (sing. vertebra) are there in adults?
There are 26 bones separated by discs
149
What separates vertebrae in the spinal column?
Round, flat cartilage pads called discs
150
Where are the discs located (technically speaking)?
Located in the intervertebral spaces
151
inter-
between
152
vertebr/o
vertebrae
153
-al
Pertaining to
154
How many regions are there in the spinal vertebrae?
5 regions
155
How many vertebrae are located in the cervical or neck region?
7; C1 to C7
156
How many vertebrae are located in the thoracic region?
There are 12 joined to each rib; T1 to T12
157
How many vertebrae are located in the lumbar region?
5; L1 to L5
158
Lumb/o
Lower back
159
How many vertebrae are located in the sacral region?
One composite bone composed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
160
How many vertebrae are located in the coccygeal region?
Consists of one small bone called the coccyx (or tailbone) formed from the union of 4 vertebrae
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What is the coccyx?
The tailbone
162
Coccyg/o
Tailbone
163
-eal
Pertaining to
164
What is the lumbosacral region?
A combined region of the lumbar and sacrum regions
165
What is the cervicothoracic region?
A combined region of the cervical and thoracic regions
166
Where is the spinal cord located specifically?
Lodged within the spinal column is the spinal cavity which protects the spinal cord
167
What is the spinal cord?
An important part of the central nervous system that serves as a conduction path to and from the brain
168
Intervertebral
Pertaining to between the vertebrae
169
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck region
170
Lumbar
Pertaining to the lower back
171
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the tailbone
172
Lumbosacral
Pertaining to the lower back and fused region of the spine
173
Cervicothoracic
Pertaining to both the neck and chest
174
What is the anatomic positon?
The body is in an erect or standing posture, facing directly forward with arms hanging down by the sides and palms facing forward
175
Anter/o
Anterior; front or in front of
176
Which two words can be used interchangeably to mean front?
Ventral and Anterior
177
Poster/o
Posterior; back or back of
178
Which two words can be used interchangeable to mean the back?
Dorsal and posterior
179
Super/o
Superior; above
180
Cephal/o
Head
181
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
182
Cephalad direction
Toward the head
183
-ad
towards
184
Infer/o
Inferior; below
185
Caud/o
Caudal or caudad; tail or lower part of the body
186
Which two terms mean below the body or toward the feet?
Inferior and Caudal (or caudad)
187
Later/o
Lateral
188
Lateral
Pertaining to the side or to the side of the body
189
Medi/o
Medial
190
Medial
Pertaining to the middle or toward the midline of the body
191
Proxim/o
Proximal
192
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
193
Dist/o
Distal
194
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
195
Deep injury
One that has penetrated toward the interior of the body/ away from the surface
196
Superficial injury
Is nearer to the surface involving scraping or rubbing away the uppermost layer of skin
197
Supine position
Means lying on the back, face up
198
Prone position
Means lying on the stomach, face down
199
What are the three major planes of the body called?
Frontal (coronal), Sagittal (lateral), and Transverse (cross-sectional)
200
Frontal plane
Is a lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior portions
201
Sagittal plane
Running lengthwise from front to back, divides the body into right and left portions
202
Transerve plane
Runs horizontal through the body, dividing it into upper and lower portions and is sometimes called the axial plane
203
Midsagittal
Divides the body into right and left halves
204
Lymphadenopathy
A condition where the lymph nodes are swollen or an abnormal size
205
Percussed
Gently tap a part of the body with fingers or an instrument as part of a diagnosis
206
Auscultation
Listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination using a stethoscope
207
What does IV stand for?
Intravenous
