Module 15: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(396 cards)
1
Q
what is included in the musculoskeletal system?
A
bones, muscles, and joints
2
Q
What are bones?
A
they provide the framework on which the body is constructed and protect and support internal organs
3
Q
what are joints?
A
the places at which bones come together
4
Q
what are muslces?
A
whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels, they are responsible for movement
5
Q
what are tendons?
A
the connective tissue that bind muscles to bones
6
Q
what are ligaments?
A
the connective tissue that bind bones to bones
7
Q
orthopedists
A
physicians who treat (surgically or medically) bone, joint, muscle conditions
8
Q
orth/o
A
straight
9
Q
ped/o
A
child
10
Q
orthopedics
A
a branch of medicine correcting deformities in children
11
Q
rheumoatologists
A
physicians (nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems
12
Q
rheumat/o
A
watery flow which refers to joint fluid
13
Q
physiatrists
A
physicians whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones and nerves
14
Q
who can specialize in orthopedics or rheumatology?
A
both a medical doctor (MD) and an osteopathic physician (DO)
15
Q
chiropractor
A
is not a physician but has extensive and specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints, and soft tissues
16
Q
chir/o
A
hand
17
Q
physical therapist
A
a health care professional (not a doctor) who develops a treatment plan based on a physician’s diagnosis
18
Q
osseous tissue
A
bony connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
19
Q
osteocytes
A
bone cells
20
Q
collagen
A
dense connective tissue strands
21
Q
what does osseous tissue consist of?
A
osteocytes, collagen, and intercellular calcium salts
22
Q
cartilaginous tissue
A
resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and less dense because of a lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces, common in fetal development
23
Q
ossification
A
bone formation
24
Q
osteoblasts
A
are the immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification
25
osteoclasts
are large cells that function to reabsorb or digest bony tissue
26
-clast
from the Greek word meaning to break
27
what is another word for osteoclasts?
bone phagocytes
28
what is the purpose of osteoclasts?
to digest bone tissue so that the bone does not become overly thick and heaby
29
osteoclasts vs. osteboblasts
the work together tearing down and rebuilding bony tissue
30
Which minerals help with the formation of bone?
calcium and phosphorus and vitamin D
31
Which substance gives bones its characteristic hard quality?
major calcium salt
32
what does the parathyroid gland do?
it maintains the necessary level of calcium in the blood, which secretes a hormone that signals the release of calcium from bone storage
33
How many bones are in the body?
206 various bone types
34
Where are long bones found?
are found in the thigh, lower leg, upper and lower arm
35
what are long bones?
these bones are very strong, are broad at the ends where they join with other bones, and have large surface areas for muscle attachment
36
where are short bones found?
in the wrist and ankle
37
What are short bones?
bones which are small with irregular shapes
38
where are flat bones found?
found covering soft body parts
39
types of flat bones
skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones
40
what are sesamoid bones?
they are small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed in shape)
41
where are sesamoid bones found?
they are found near joints and they increase the efficiency of muscles near a particular joint
42
what is an example of a sesamoid bone?
the kneecap (the largest of its type)
43
what is the diaphysis?
the shaft or middle region of a long bone
44
what is an epiphysis?
each end of a long bone
45
what does the epiphyseal line or plate represent?
an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
46
what is another term for the epiphyseal line/ plate?
the growth plate
47
what happens to the plate when it has achieved full growth?
the plate calcifies and disappears
48
what is metaphysis?
the flared portion of the bone, it lies between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate
49
what is the periosteum?
a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses
50
What is articular cartilage?
a type of connective tissue that covers the end of each bone to form a joint
51
What happens to the articular cartilage after full growth is achieved?
Nothing, it is present throughout life
52
compact (cortical bone)
a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
53
haversian canals
small canals located within the compact bone containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products
54
medullary cavity
the tunneled-out area in the compact bone of the central shaft found within long bones that contains yellow bone marrow
55
what is yellow bone marrow composed of?
fat cells
56
cancellous bone aka spongy or trabecular bone
is much more porous and less dense than compact bone
57
traveculae
are interwoven fibers found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most bones
58
where is red bone marrow found?
cancellous bone
59
what does red bone marrow consist of?
immature and mature blood cells in various stages of cevelopment
60
hematopoiesis
is the formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
61
what are bone processes?
are enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
62
what are bone depressions?
are openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
63
bone head (process)
rounded end of a bone
64
condyle (process)
rounded knuckle-like process
65
epicondyle (process)
small rounded process above the condyle
66
trochanters (process)
large and small processes for tendons attachments
67
tuberosity (tubercle) (process)
small round elevation where tendons are muscles attach
68
list the 5 types of processes
1. bone head
2. condyle
3. epicondyle
4. trochanters
5. tuberosity (tubercule)
69
fissure (depression)
narrow groove or slit-like opening example: orbital fissure
70
foramen (depression)
opening for blood vessels and nerves, example: foramen magnum of the skull
71
fossa (depression)
shallow cavity in or on a bone, example: elbow
72
sinus (depression)
hollow cavity within bone, example, sinuses of the skull
73
ment/o
chin
74
frontal bone
forms the head and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
75
parietal bone
the two bones that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium (one on each side of the skull)
76
temporal bone
the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
77
What does TMJ stand for?
Temporomandibular Joint
78
mast/o
breast
79
styl/o
pole or stake
80
occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
81
foramen magnum
an opening through which the psinal cord passes
82
sphenoid bone
the bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
83
sphen/o
wedge
84
sella turcica
a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
85
ethmoid bone
the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
86
ethm/o
sieve
87
nasal bones
the two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
88
nas/o
nose
89
lacrimal bones
the two small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye
90
lacrim/o
tear
91
maxillary bones
the two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones (maxillae)
92
cleft palate
the result when the two maxillary bones do not come together normally before birth
93
zygomatic bones
the two bones on each side of the face that form the high portion of the cheek
94
vomer
the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
95
sinuses or air cavities
are located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through
96
how many bone segments make up the vertebral (spinal) column?
26 bone segments called vertebrae
97
intervertebral disks
the cartilage pads that separate the bones
98
clavicle
collar bone; a slender bone, positioned ventrally one on each side connecting the breastbone to each shoulder blade
99
scapula
should blade; one of two flat triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax
100
acro/o
extremity
101
om/o
shoulder
102
acromion
the extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder
103
sternum
breastbone; a flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest
104
xiph/o
sword
105
ribs
there are 12 pairs
106
true ribs
the first 7 rib bones
107
false ribs
ribs 8 to 10
108
floating ribs
ribs 11 to 12
109
humerus
upper arm bone; the large head of the humerus is rounded and joins with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder or glenoid humeral joint
110
ulna
medial lower arm (forearm) bone; the proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow is called the olecranon (elbow bone)
111
radius
lateral lower arm (forearm) bone in line with the thumb
112
carpals
wrist bones; there are two rows of four bones
113
metacarpals
the five bones of the palm of the hand
114
phalanges
finger bones; each finger (except the thumb) has three [vocab word]: a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx whereas the thumb has only two: a proximal and distal phalanx
115
pelvic girdle
pelvis; this collection of bones supports the trunk of the body and articulates with the femur to form the hip joint
116
how many bones is the adult pelvis composed of?
3; the ilium, ischium, and pubis
117
ilium
uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
118
iliac crest
the superior part of the ilium
119
ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvis: it is where you sit
120
pubis
anterior part of the pelvis
121
pubic symphysis
the area where two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disk
122
pelvic cavity
region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
123
femur
thigh bone; this is the longest bone in the body
124
acetabulum
the socket where the femur fits in the pelvis
125
hip joint
the femur and acetabulum form a ball-and-socket joint
126
patella
kneecap; this is a small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and one of the lower leg bones called the tibia
127
tibia
larger of the two bones of the lower leg; runs under the skin in the front part of the leg
128
what is the common name for the tibia?
the shin bone
129
fibula
smaller of the two lower leg bones; this thin bone, well hidden under the leg muscles, runs parallel to the tibia
130
what forms the ankle joint?
the tibia, fibula and talus (the first of the tarsal bones)
131
tarsals
bones of the hind part of the foot (hindfoot); these seven short bones resemble the carpal bones of the wrist but are larger
132
calcaneus
the largest of the tarsal bones and also is call the heel bone
133
metatarsals
bones of the midfoot; there are five metatarsal bones which are similar to the metacarpals of the hand
134
phalanges of the toes
bones of the forefoot; as in the digits of the hand, there are two phalanges in the big toe and three in each of the other toes
135
acromion
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle
136
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
137
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
138
bone process
enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
139
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
140
cartilage
flexible, rubbery connective tissue
141
disk (disc)
flat, round plate-like structure
142
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
143
foramen megnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
144
malleolus
round process on both sides of the ankle joint.
145
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum and moves with the medial aspect of the clavicle
146
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
147
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
148
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow
149
orthopedist
medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
150
osseous tissue
bone tissue
151
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal lobe on each side of the skull
152
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
153
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone
154
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal
155
xiphoid process
lower narrow portion of the sternum
156
calc/o or calci/o
calcium
157
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
158
decalcification
lack of calcium production
159
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
160
kyphosis
abnormal condition of outward curvature of the spine
161
lamin/o
lamina
162
laminectomy
surgical removal of the posterior portion of the vertebra
163
lord/o
curve, swayback
164
lordosis
the normal curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated
165
lumb/o
loins, lower back
166
lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
167
myel/o
bone marrow
168
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
169
orth/o
straight
170
orthopedics
surgical specially devoted to bones and disease/ deformities
171
oste/o
bone
172
osteitis
inflammation of bone
173
osteogenesis
development of bones
174
osteodystrophy
abnormal development of bone
175
scoli/o
crooked, bent
176
scoliosis
abnormal condition of sideways curvature of the spine
177
spondyl/o
vertebra
178
spondylosi
abnormal condition of the spine
179
vertebr/o
vertebra
180
vertebroplasty
surgical repair of the vertebra
181
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
182
-clast
to break
183
-listhesis
slipping
184
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra
185
-malacia
softening
186
osteomalacia
softening of bone
187
-physis
to grow
188
-porosis
pore, passage
189
-tome
instrument to cut
190
osteotome
surgical chisel designed to cut bone
191
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
192
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
193
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
194
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
195
supreclavicular
pertaining to above the clavicle
196
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs)
197
crani/o
cranium (skull)
198
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
199
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
200
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
201
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
202
ischi/o
ischium (posterior on part of pelvic bone)
203
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
204
madibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
205
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
206
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
207
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
208
olecran/o
olecranon (elbows)pat
209
ell/o
patella (kneecap)
210
pelv/i
pelvis (hipbone)
211
perone/o
fibula
212
phalang/o
phalanges (finger and/or toe bones)
213
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
214
radi/o
radius (forearm bone - thumb side)
215
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
216
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
217
tars/o
tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)
218
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
219
uln/o
ulna (forearm bone - little finger side)
220
Ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children
221
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
222
osteochondromas
tumors composed of cartilage and bone
223
bunion
swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal/ medial aspect of the first metatarsal
224
fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone
225
simple (closed) fracture
the bone is broken but there is not open wound in the skin
226
compound (open) fracture
the bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin
227
crepitus
is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage
228
reduction
the restoration of the bone to its normal position
229
closed reduction
is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision
230
open reduction
an incision is made for access to the fracture site
231
cast
solid mold of the body part is applied to fractures to immobilize the injured bone after a closed reduction
232
what does ORIF stand for?
Open Reduction/Internal Fixation
233
colles
a type of fracture near the wrist at distal end of the radius
234
comminuted
a type of fracture where the bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces
235
compression
a type of fracture where the bone collapses or is compressed; occurs in vertebrae
236
greenstick
a type of fracture where the bone is partially broken; breaks on one surface and bends on the other; often occurring in the forearm
237
impacted
a type of fracture where one fragment is driven firmly into the other; at the head of the femur or head of the humerus
238
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
239
osteomalacia
softening of bone with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
240
what is the common name for osteomalacia?
rickets (when it occurs in children)
241
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
242
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
243
osteopenia
a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal
244
kyphosis
loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis produces posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic cavity
245
talipes
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
246
what is the most common form of talipes?
talipes equinovarus or clubfoot
247
equin/o
horse
248
articulation
any type of joint
249
bursa (plural bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
250
ligament
connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
251
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
252
suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
253
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
254
synovial fluid
viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity; similar to the viscosity of egg whites
255
syn/o
like
256
ov/o
egg
257
synovial joint
a freely movable joint
258
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
259
tendon
connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
260
what does ACL stand for?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
261
ankyl/o
stiff
262
arthr/o
joint
263
articul/o
joint
264
burs/o
bursa
265
chondr/o
cartilage
266
ligament/o
ligament
267
rheumat/o
watery flow
268
synov/o
synovial membrane
269
ten/o
tendon
270
tenorrhaphy
suture of a tendon
271
tendin/o
tendon
272
rheymatologist
a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases
273
-desis
to bind, tie together
274
-stenosis
narrowing
275
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
276
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening joints, primarily of the spine
277
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
278
podagra
excessive pain of the foot
279
-agra
excessive pain
280
osteoarthritis (OA)
progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
281
degenerative joint disease
can occur in any joint but occurs mainly in the spine, hips, and knees of older people
282
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
283
bunion
enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)
284
what is another name for a bunion?
hallux valgus (abnormal angulation of the great toe)
285
bunionectomy
removal of a bunion
286
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligaments and the bones and tendons of the wrist
287
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
288
subluxation
a partial or incomplete dislocation
289
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the band
290
herniation of an intervertebral disc
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
291
what is the common term for herniation of an intervertebral disc?
a slipped disc
292
sciatica
pain radiating down the leg
293
microdiskectomy
removal of a portion of the protruding disk
294
what does HNP stand for?
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
295
Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis)
disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
296
sprain
trauma to ligaments without rupture
297
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs
298
lupus
meaning wolf, because people with lupus looked like their skin had been affected by wolf bites
299
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
300
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
301
dosiflexiun
backward (upward) bend of the foot)
302
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
303
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
304
flexion
bending a limb; descending the angle between bones
305
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscles to a bone that moves
306
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
307
plantar flexion
bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
308
pronation
turning the palm downward
309
rotation
circular movement around a central point
310
internal rotation
turning toward the center of the body
311
external rotation
turning away from the center of the body
312
striated muscle
muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
313
supination
turning the palm upward
314
visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscles
315
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)f
316
ibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
317
fibromyalgia
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips and knees
318
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
319
my/o
muscle
320
myalgia
muscle pain
321
myocardi/o
heart muscle
322
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
323
plant/o
sole of the foot
324
plantar flexion
downward bend
325
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
326
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor
327
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
328
-asthenia
lack of strength
329
-trophy
development, nourishment
330
atrophy
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
331
ab-
away from
332
ad-
toward
333
dorsi-
back
334
poly-
many, much
335
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres without involvement of the nervous system
336
what is the most common form of muscular hystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
337
pseudohypertrophy
muscles appear enlarged as fat replaces function muscle cells that have degenerated and atrophied
338
polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
339
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases
340
what does SLE stand for?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
341
What does ANA stand for?
Antinuclear Antibody Test
342
what does ESR stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
343
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
344
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
345
serum calcium (Ca)
measurement of calcium level in serum
346
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
347
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum
348
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
349
arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
350
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
351
what does THR stand for?
Total Hip Replacement
352
total hip replacement (THR)
is the replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened into the bone
353
total knee replacement (TKR)
a metal prosthesis covers the end of the femur, and a tibial component made of metal and plastic covers the tip end of the tibia
354
what does TKR stand for?
Total Knee Replacement
355
resection arthroplasty
small portion of a bone is removed to repair the joint; acromioclavicular joint is a common location
356
interposition arthroplasty
new tissue taken from another place is placed between damaged surface of elbow joint
357
revision arthroplasty
an operation to replace a failing prosthetic joint
358
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera
359
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low-energy x-ray abdorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
360
what does DEXA or DXA stand for?
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
361
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
362
computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images
363
diskography
x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
364
electromyography (EMG)
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
365
what does EMG stand for?
ElectroMyoGraphy
366
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field creates images of soft tissuem
367
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
368
what does AC stand for?
Acromioclavicular (joint)
369
What does BKA stand for?
Below-Knee Amputation
370
C1 to C7
cervical vertebrae
371
what does CK stand for?
Creatine Kinase - enzyme elevated in muscle disease
372
what does CMC stand for?
Carpometacarpal (joint)
373
what does CTS stand for?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
374
what does DMARD stand for?
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug
375
what does DO stand for?
Doctor of Osteopathy
376
what does DTRs stand for?
Deep Tendon Reflexes
377
what does ESR (sed rate) stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - indicates inflammation
378
what does HNP stand for?
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
379
what does IM stand for?
Intramuscular
380
L1 to L5
lumbar vertebrae
381
what does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug - often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders
382
what does OA stand for?
Osteoarthritis
383
what does ORIF stand for?
Open Reduction (of fracture)/ Internal Fixation
384
what does OT stand for?
Occupational Therapy
385
what does PT stand for?
Physical Therapy
386
what does RA stand for?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
387
what does RF stand for?
Rheumatoid Factor
388
what does ROM stand for?
Range of Motion
389
T1 to T12
thoracic vertebrae
390
what does TMJ stand for?
Temporomandibular Joint
391
what is the function of bone processes?
to serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
392
what is flexion?
bending of a limb
393
Paget disease (osteitis deformans)
a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of elevated bone resorption, followed by attempts at repair, resulting in deformed and weakened bones of excessive mass
394
Systemic lupus erythematosus
a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving the joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
395
arthrodesis
surgical fixation of a joint
396
