Module 7: Urinary System Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
What are the primary components of the urinary system?
A
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
2
Q
Filtration
A
A process for removing waste products such as urea, potassium, uric acid, and creatine from the blood
3
Q
What is urine composed of?
A
Water, salts, and acids
4
Q
Urination or voiding or micturition
A
A process in which urine travels down the ureters into the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra
5
Q
Electrolytes
A
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are small molecules that conduct an electrical charge. Electrolytes are necessary for proper functioning of muscles and nerve cells
6
Q
Renin
A
A hormone that raises blood pressure (to keep blood moving through the kidney)
7
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A
A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
8
Q
Calciferol
A
Secreted by the kidneys and is an active form of vitamin D and necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine
9
Q
Kidney
A
One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region
10
Q
How large of kidneys?
A
They are about the size of a fist and weigh 4-6 pounds
11
Q
Cortex
A
Means bark; The outer layer of the kidney and contains about 1 million nephrons
12
Q
Medulla
A
Means marrow; the inner region of the kidney that holds most of the collecting tubules
13
Q
Hilum
A
Is a depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through
14
Q
Ureter
A
One of two muscular tubes (16-18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane. It carries urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
15
Q
Urinary bladder
A
A hollow, muscular sac, is a temporary reservoir for urine
16
Q
Trigone
A
A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists
17
Q
Urethra
A
A tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
18
Q
Urinary meatus
A
The external opening of the urethra
19
Q
Female urethra
A
Is about 1.5 inches long, lies anterior to the vagina and the vaginal meatus
20
Q
Male urethra
A
Is about 9 inches long, extends downward through the prostate gland to the urinary meatus at the tip of the penis
21
Q
Homeostasis
A
The proper balance of water, salts, acids, and electrolytes in the body fluids
22
Q
Nephron
A
A unit made from the combination of the glomerulus and a renal tubule that lies on the outer layer (cortex) of the kidney
23
Q
Renal arteries
A
Left and right arteries in which blood enters the kidney from the aorta
24
Q
Glomeruli
A
A very tiny mass of coiled and intertwined smaller blood vessels in which there are about 1 million of in the kidney
25
Glomerulus
A collection of tiny capillaries form in the shape of a small ball
26
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Filtered materials from the bloodstream collect in a tiny cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus
27
Renal tubule
Most water, all of the sugar, salts, urea and other wastes pass through but most water, all sugar and almost all sodium return to the blood stream through tiny capillaries surrounding each tubule
28
Reabsorption
The process in which water, sugar, and salts are returned to the bloodstream making sure the body retains essential substances
29
Secretion
The final process in the formation of urine. These waste products of metabolism become toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body
30
Parenchyma (aka nephrons)
The functional part of the kidney where urine is actually formed
31
What does PCT stand for?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
32
What does DCT stand for?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
33
Henle Loop
The long U-shaped portion of the tubule that plays a crucial role in reabsorbing water and sodium chloride from the unrine
34
What does CD stand for?
Collecting Duct
35
Vasa Recta
Refers to the specialized network of blood vessels found in the kidney medulla
36
What components of the kidney make up the tubular secretion process?
Vasa recta, PCT, DCT, CD, and henle loop
37
nephr/o
nephron
38
glomerul/o
glomerulus
39
Renal corpuscle
Made up of the bowman capsule and the glomerulus which is the beginning of the nephron unit
40
What is the sequencing order for the nephron?
1. renal artery, 2. arterioles, 3. glomeruli, 4. renal tubules, 5. loop of Henle, 6. distal renal tube, 7. collecting duct
41
What are the three steps in the formation of urine?
1. glomerular filtration, 2. tubular reabsorption, 3. tubular secretion
42
pyel/o
renal pelvis
43
Renal pelvis
the nephron units and urine flow into the large collecting tubules which is the central collecting region of the kidney
44
cali/o or calic/o
calyx
45
Calices or calyces
The small basin in the central part of the kidney is made up of these cup-shaped regions
46
Calyx
Each one helps collect the urine and aids its passage through the renal pelvis, which narrows into the ureter
47
ureter/o
ureter
48
cyst/o
bladder
49
trigon/o
trigone
50
urethr/o
urethra
51
How does the urine flow work?
The urinary is a flexible bag that accumulates with urine, as it does it puts pressure on the base of the urethra, which creates the urge to urinate
52
Sphincters
Small muscles similar to rings that control urine flow
53
meat/o
meatus
54
vesic/o
urinary bladder
55
albumin/o
albumin (a protein of the blood)
56
azot/o
nitrogen
57
bacteri/o
bacteria
58
dips/o
thirst
59
kal/o
potassium
60
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
61
lith/o
stones
62
natr/o
sodium
63
olig/o
scanty
64
-poietin
substance that forms
65
py/o
pus
66
-tripsy
crushing
67
ur/o
urine (urea)
68
urin/o
urine
69
-uria
urination; urine condition
70
Enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine or bed-wetting
71
Nocturia
the voluntary and frequent urination at night
72
What does UA stand for?
Urinalysis
73
Urinalysis
A multipurpose test to detect a great number of common disorders
74
pH test
Used to determine to what degree the urine is acidic or basic (alkaline)
75
What does pH stand for?
Potential Hydrogen
76
albuminuria
The presence of an abnormal amount of albumin in the urine
77
glycosuria
The presence of too much sugar in the urine
78
What is glycosuria an indication of?
Diabetes mellitus
79
Ketonuria
Elevated levels of ketone bodies (aka acetones) in the urine
80
ketoacidosis (or ketosis)
Excessive blood acidity attributable to dangerous levels of ketones
81
pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine which will usually appear turbid or cloudy
82
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Elevated levels of phenylketones
83
Hyperbilirubinemia
Excess levels of hemoglobin pigment bilirubin in the blood, which leads to bilirubinuria, or excess bilirubin in the urine
84
Specific gravity (sp gr)
Comparison of density between the urine and water
85
What are the 10 elements that may be detected in a urinanalysis?
Colour, appearance, pH, protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin
86
What does UTI stand for?
Urinary Tract Infection
86
Where are upper UTIs?
Located in the kidneys and ureters
87
Where are lower UTIs?
Located in the bladder and urethra
88
Renal failure
The kidneys fail to excrete urine because of impaired filtration function
89
What does CKD stand for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
90
Interstitial nephritis
Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
91
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
92
Interstitial cystitis (IC)
A chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
93
Pyelonephritis
A bacterial infection in the renal pelvic of the urinary tract causes collections of pus (abscesses) to form in the kidney
94
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
95
Ureteritis
Inflammation of the ureter
96
Urethral stricture
a blockage that can be caused by long-term medication use or long-term use of an indwelling urinary catheter, which can produce scarring and thus cause a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra
97
dysuria
painful urination
98
polyuria
urinary frequency
99
Diuresis
Increase urine formation and secretion cause by the increased intake of coffee or alcohol
100
Anuria
diminished or absent urination usually caused by either renal dysfunction or a urinary tract obstruction
101
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
102
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
103
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
104
Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
105
Renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
106
Wilms tumor
Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
107
Bladder cancer
Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
108
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
109
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
110
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Measurement of urea levels in blood
111
Creatine clearance
Measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys
112
What causes kidney stones?
Hypercalciuria, chronic dehydration, gout, UTIs, and some dietary choices
113
Hypercalciuria
A condition of high levels of calcium in the urine
114
Gout
Crystallization of uric acid in the joint; an acute monoarthropathy
115
Nephropathy
Disorder of the kidney
116
Uremia
A toxic state in which a large amount of nitrogenous waste accumulate in the blood because they are not being excreted in the urine
117
Azotemia
Another term that refers to high levels of urea because azot/o = nitrogen and this term is typically used when abnormal levels can be measure but have not yet produced symptoms
118
Polyuria
Excessive excretion of urine
119
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
120
Nephroptosis
A dropping or displacing of the kidney because of weak support
121
Renal cell carcinoma
A cancerous tumor of the kidney (aka hypernephroma)
122
blast/o
embryonic
123
Nephrotic syndrome
A kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema
124
Proteinuria
Protein from the blood in the urine
125
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney that results in leaky glomeruli
126
Edema
Swelling caused by fluid in the tissue spaces
127
Glomerulonephritis
Leaky kidneys
128
What does ketonuria indicate?
An indication that the body is burning fat for energy
129
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A test to determine how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood (uremia)
130
What does CRF stand for?
Chronic Renal Failure
131
Creatinine
A waste byproduct of muscle metabolism
132
What does CrCl stand for?
Creatinine Clearance Test
133
Creatinine clearance test
Measures the rate at which creatinine concentration in a blood sample is excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period
134
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular Filtration Rate
135
What is creatinine clearance also useful in assessing?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
136
What does a CT scan do?
Present multiple transverse x-ray views with or without the use of a contrast material
137
What does RP stand for?
Retrograde Pyelogram
138
What does a retrograde pyelogram do?
It involves the administration of a contrast medium through a catheter into the ureters from the bladder before x-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters are taken
139
What is a radioisotope scan?
An image of the kidney enhanced by the injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
140
Renal embolus
A blood clot that blocks blood flow to the kidney
141
What does VCUG stand for?
Voiding Cystourethrogram
142
What is a voiding cystourethrogram?
Reveals abnormalities of the bladder
143
Fluoroscopy
A real-time x-ray imaging
144
What does IVP stand for?
Intravenous Pyelogram
145
What is an intravenous pyelogram?
A special x-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters using an iodine-based contrast material
146
What does KUB stand for?
Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder
147
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
148
What does a kidney, ureters, and bladder test do?
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
149
What does an MRI test do?
It can demonstrate the kidneys in relation to other organs in the abdominopelvic region
150
What is the best diagnostic imaging procedure with kidneys?
Using a kidney or abdominal ultrasound
151
What is a renal angiography?
A diagnostic procedure during which radiographic images of the blood vessels of the kidney are made and is performed using a contrast material
152
andi/o
vessels
153
What does a renal angiography help diagnose?
An obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney but these results may also be visualized on CT and MRI urography tests
154
What does the MRI urography do?
Images are made of the pelvic and retroperitoneal regions. This test is useful in visualizing tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissue
155
What is diagnostic sonography (aka ultrasonography or diagnostic ultrasound)?
This imaging procedure uses sounds waves to record images of internal organs and tissues. The image produced is call a sonogram
156
What is the most common diagnostic procedure?
Cystoscopy
157
What is a cystoscopy?
The direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder using a cytoscope
158
What is a flexible cytoscopy?
Uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope for diagnosis and checkups of the urinary bladder
159
What is rigid cystoscopy?
Passes a hollow metal tube through the urethra into the bladder and is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments
160
What is the treatment for urethral stricture or narrowing?
Urethroplasty (which is surgery) and typically involves urethral dilation urethrotomy
161
Lithotripsy
The process of crushing calculi or stones so that they can pass from the body through the urethra
162
-tripsy
crushing
163
What does ESWL stand for?
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
164
What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
A shock wave is administered from outside the body to brush the stones
165
extra-
outside
166
corpor/o
body
167
Nephrolithotomy
The process of cutting into the kidney to remove stone or calculus
168
Pyelolithotomy
Removing the stone through an incision in the renal pelvis
169
Urethrotomy
Incision into the urethra to relieve stricture
170
hyperkalemia
increased blood potassium
171
kal/i
potassium
172
What saves a patient's life if their kidneys can no longer separate nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream?
Dialysis
173
Hemodialysis (HD)
Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient's bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane called a dialyzer, and then returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body
174
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
Uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, waste materials pass out of the blood stream into the fluid, then the fluid is drained from the body through the catheter
175
What does CAPD stand for?
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
176
What is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
A type of dialysis that does not require a machine; therefor the patient is free to walk around (ambulate)
177
Automated peritoneal dialysis
Can be used when the patient is sleeping
178
Urinary catheterization
Used for short-term urine drainage and should not be confused with peritoneal dialysis
179
Cystostomy
The creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder for insertion of a catheter
180
Renal transplant
Receiving a kidney from a donor, particularly in cases where dialysis is no longer effective
181
Renal angioplasty
A procedure where a balloon catheter is inserted through an artery and into the narrowed artery in the kidney
182
What does inflating the balloon during an renal angioplasty do?
It widens the stenosis (narrowing) and redistributes lipid deposits within the artery which both improve blood flow to the kidney, improving renal hypertension and preserving renal function
183
Stents
metal tubes
184
Oliguria
Low urine output (scanty urination)
185
What does HD stand for?
Hemodialysis
186
Creatine clearance is used to stage the extent of which disease?
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
187
Which clinical procedure is not used to help diagnose renal calculi or obstructions?
Voiding cystourethrogram
188
Which procedure does the surgeon use to create an arteriovenous fistula aiding hemodialysis in the patient with renal failure?
Anastomosis
189
An acute reaction to certain drugs that leads to poor renal function, fever, and rash accompanied by eosinophils in the urine is called what?
Interstitial nephritis
