Module 8: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(371 cards)
1
Q
What is sexual reproduction?
A
The union of the nuclei of the ovum (female sex cell) and the sperm (male sex cell) that results in the creation of an embryo
2
Q
gamete
A
sex cell
3
Q
how many chromosomes are in a sex cell?
A
exactly half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell
4
Q
gonads
A
special organs in males and females that produce the egg and sperm cells
5
Q
what are female gonads called?
A
ovaries
6
Q
what are male gonads called?
A
testes
7
Q
What is the route of an ovum after it leaves the overaies?
A
It travels down on of two fallopian tubes leading to the uterus (womb)
8
Q
coitus
A
copulation, sexual intercourse
9
Q
What is fertilization?
A
After coitus (sexual intercourse) the sperm cell travels into the fallopian tube where they can penetrate the ovum
10
Q
zygote
A
The fertilized ovum
11
Q
What is an embryo?
A
After many cell divisions of the zygote, a ball of cells form which typically takes 2-8 weeks
12
Q
what is a fetus?
A
The embryo continues to grow in the uterus after 8-38 or 40 weeks it reaches full-term
13
Q
gestation or pregnancy
A
the period of development within the uterus
14
Q
ova
A
eggs
15
Q
menarche
A
the occurrence of the first cycle
16
Q
menopause
A
when all eggs have been released, hormone production diminishes, and menstruation ends
17
Q
menstruation
A
When the eggs begin to mature and are released from the ovary in a 21-28 day cycle when secondary characteristics develop
18
Q
placenta
A
A new, blood-vessel-rich organ connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord develops to nourish the embryo which implants in the uterine lining
19
Q
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
A
Hormone changes result in the shedding of the uterine lining and bleeding and menstruation occurs
20
Q
What are the hormones of the ovaries?
A
estrogen and progesterone
21
Q
pituitary gland
A
located at the base of the brain, secretes other hormones that govern the reproductive functions of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus
22
Q
gynecology
A
the study of the female reproductive system (organs, hormones, and diseases)
23
Q
obstetrics
A
a specialty concerned with pregnancy and the delivery of the fetus (Latin: obstetrix means midwife)
24
Q
neonataology
A
the study of the care and treatment of the newborn
25
ovaries
a pair of small almond-shaped organs located in the pelvis
26
fallopian tubes
lead from each ovary to the uterus
27
uterus
a fibromuscular organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum
28
How big is the uterus in a non-pregnant woman?
The normal size and shape is like a pear and is about 3 inches long
29
cul-de-sac
A region in the abdominal cavity midway between the uterus and the rectum
30
vagina
a tubular, muscular, mucosa-lined structure about 3 inches long that extends from the uterus to the exterior of the body
31
Bartholin glands
two small rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice
32
What do Bartholin glands produce?
They produce a mucous secretion that lubricates the vagina
33
clitoris
an organ of sensitive erectile tissue located anterior to the vaginal orifice and in front of the urethral meatus
34
perineum
the region between the vaginal orifice and the anus
35
vulva
external genitalia of the female
36
labia majora
the outer lips of the vagina
37
labia minor
the smaller, inner lips of the vagina
38
hymen
a thin membrane partially covering the entrance to the vagina
39
mon pubis
(Latin mons, mountain) is a pad of tissue overlying the pubic symphysis. After puberty it is covered with pubic hair
40
utero-ovarian ligament
Holds each ovary in place on either side of the uterus
41
ovarian follicles
thousands of small sacs in the ovaries and each follicle contains an ovum (sex cell)
42
What happens during ovulation?
An ovum matures, its follicle ruptures through the surface and releases the ovum from the ovary
43
corpus luteum
a ruptured follicle fills with a yellow, fate-like material
44
What hormone does corpus luteum secrete?
secretes both estrogen and progesterone that maintain the very first stages of pregnancy
45
fallopian tube
About 5.5 inches long and lies near each ovary
46
adnexae
accessory structures of the uterus - fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
47
fimbriae
finger-like ends of the fallopian tube that catches each egg after it releases from the ovary
48
cilia
small hairs line the fallopian tube and through their motion, sweep the ovum along
49
How long does it take the ovum to pass through the fallopian tube?
About 2-3 days
50
fundus
The rounded upper portion of the uterus
51
corpus
the larger, central section (body of the organ)
52
endometrium
the inner layer, a specialized epithelia mucosa of the uterus
53
myometrium
the middle, muscular layer of the uterine wall
54
uterine serosa
the outer membrane tissue layer which is a lining that produces a watery, serum-like secretion
55
serosa
the outermost layer of an organ in the abdomen or thorax
56
cervix
the narrow, lowermost portion of the uterus (in Latin it means neck)
57
mammary glands
makes up the breast tissue
58
glandular tissue
contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty
59
What is contained in the breast?
fibrous and fatty tissue, special lactiferous (milk-carrying) ducts, and sinuses (cavities) that carry milk to the nipple which has small openings for the ducts to release their milk
60
mammary papilla
The breast nipple
61
areola
the dark pigmented area around the mammary papilla
62
parturition
giving birth
63
lactation
after giving birth, hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate the normal secretion of milk
64
Menstrual period
days 1-5, discharge of blood fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells
65
Follicular phase
days 6-12, after bleeding ceases, the endometrium begins to repair itself. The maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen, which aids in the repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this phase
66
Ovulatory period
days 13 and 14, on about the 14th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary, passing through the fallopian tube
67
Luteal phase
days 15-18, the empty follicle fills with a yellow material and becomes the corpus luteum. This hormone stimulates the building up of the lining of the uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg and pregnancy
68
Corpus luteum
functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the hormone progesterone into the bloodstream
69
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
the corpus luteum in the ovary stops producing progesterone and regresses
70
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
lowered levels of progesterone and estrogen because fertilization did not occur are responsible for some women's symptoms of depression, breast tenderness, and irritability before menstruation
71
What happens if fertilization does occur?
the fertilized egg travels to the uterus and implants in the uterine endometrium
72
chorion
the outermost membrane that surrounds the developing embryo
73
amnion
the innermost of the embryonic membranes, holds the fetus suspended in an amniotic cavity surrounded by a fluid
74
amniotic fluid
the amnion with its fluid, aka bag of waters or amniotic sac, which ruptures (breaks) during labor
75
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a hormone that is produces as the placenta develops in the uterus
76
What may be the result of low levels of progesterone?
can lead to a spontaneous abortion in pregnant women and menstrual irregularities in non pregnant women
77
What test uses the results of hCG?
A urine pregnancy test kit for women that shows the absence or presence and confirms or rules out if they are pregnant
78
cephalic presentation
the baby's head appears first in a normal delivery position
79
effacement
rhythmic contractions, dilation and thinning of the cervix
80
the "show"
a discharge of bloody mucus from the cervix and vagina
81
afterbirth
the expelled placenta
82
vernix caseosa
a mixture of a fatty secretion from fetal sebaceous (oil) glands and dead skin
83
What is the function of vernix caseosa?
It protects the fetus's delicate skin from abrasions, chapping, and hardening as a result of being bathed in amniotic fluid
84
What hormone does the pituitary gland secrete?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after the onset of menstruation
85
What does high levels of FSH and LH do in the bloodstream?
they stimulate the maturation of the ovum and ovulation
86
How do oral contraceptives work?
During pregnancy, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone from the ovary and placenta cause the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and LH. Therefore, while a woman is pregnancy, additional eggs do not mature and ovulation cannot occur
87
Intrauterine device
A small device designed to remain inside the uterus, works by preventing implantation of the embryo
88
What does IUD stand for?
Intrauterine device
89
When does menopause occur?
Premature menopause begins before age 45 and delayed menopause occurs after age 55
90
genitalia
reproductive organs; also called genitals
91
gestation
the period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
92
orifice
an opening
93
How many ovarian follicles mature in a woman's lifetime?
About 400
94
pregnancy
a condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks
95
progesterone
a hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women
96
puberty
a point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
97
amni/o
amnion
98
bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
99
cervic/o
cervix, neck
100
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
101
colp/o
vagina
102
culd/o
culd-de-sac
103
episi/o
vulva
104
galact/o
milk
105
gynec/o
woman, female
106
hyster/o
uterus, womb
107
lact/o
milk
108
mamm/o
breast
109
amniocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluids for analysis
110
bartholinitis
inflammation of the bartholin gland
111
endocervicitis
inflammation of the inner cervix
112
chorionic
pertaining to the chorion
113
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina
114
culdocentesis
a needle is placed through the posterior wall of the vagina and fluid is withdrawn for diagnostic purposes
115
episiotomy
incision of the vulva to widen the opening of the vaginal orifice for delivery
116
galactorrhea
excessive or abnormal secretion of milk
117
gynecomastia
enlargement of breasts in a male
118
hysterectomy
removal of the uterus
119
hysteroscopy
visual examination of the uterus
120
inframammary
pertaining to below the breast
121
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
122
total hysterectomy
is the removal of the entire uterus (fundus, corpus and cervix)
123
laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
is the removal of the top portion of the uterus (above the cervix) leaving the cervix intact
124
mast/o
breast
125
men/o
menses, menstruation
126
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
127
my/o, myom/o
muscle, muscle tumor
128
nat/i
birth
129
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
130
o/o
egg
131
oophor/o
ovary
132
ov/o
egg
133
ovari/o
ovary
134
ovul/o
egg
135
perine/o
perineum
136
phor/o
to bear
137
salping/o
fallopian tubes
138
uter/o
uterus
139
vagin/o
vagina
140
vulv/o
vulva
141
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
142
mastectomy
removal or resection of the breast
143
amenorrhea
absence of menses for 6 months or for longer than three of the patient's normal menstrual cycles
144
olgiomenorrhea
infrequent menstrual periods or scanty menses
145
menses
blood and other matter discharged by the uterus during menstruation
146
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods
147
fibroids
an extremely common condition in which solid tumors develop in the uterus and are the leading cause of menorrhagia
148
metrorrhagia
bleeding between menstrual periods
149
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding during and after menstrual periods
150
myomectomy
removal of muscle tumors from the uterus
151
neonatal
pertaining to new birth
152
oogenesis
formation of ova (egg cells)
153
oocyte
immature ovum
154
oophorectomy
removal of ovaries
155
ovum
mature egg cell
156
ovarian
pertaining to an ovary
157
anovulatory
not accompanied by ovulation
158
perineorrhaphy
suture of the perineum
159
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovary
160
salpingectomy
removal of fallopian tubes
161
uterine prolapse
falling of the uterus
162
vaginal orifice
opening of the vagina
163
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
164
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
165
vulvodynia
pain in the vulva
166
-arche
beginning
167
-cyesis
pregnancy
168
pseudocyesis
false pregnancy
169
-gravida
pregnant
170
primigravida
a woman during her first pregnancy
171
primi-
first
172
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
173
primiparous
an adjective describing a woman who has given birth to at least one child
174
-rrhea
discharge
175
leukorrhea
vaginal discharge
176
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
177
pyosalpinx
fallopian tube pus
178
-tocia
labor, birth
179
dystocia
painful labor or birth
180
oxytocia
rapid labor and childbirth
181
-version
act of turning
182
cephalic version
act of turning the head
183
dys-
painful
184
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
185
endo-
within
186
in-
in
187
vol-
to roll
188
intra-
within
189
multi-
many
190
multipara
a woman who has delivered more than once
191
nulli-
no, not, none
192
pre-
before
193
primi-
first
194
retro-
backward
195
retroversion
the uterus is abnormally tilted backward, this occurs in 30% of women
196
nulligravida
a woman who has never been pregnant
197
what is a fertilized egg cell called?
A zygote
198
Lactiferous ducts
tubes that carry milk within the breast
199
carcinoma of the cervix
malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)
200
What does HPV stand for?
Human Paillomavirus
201
genital warts
benign growths on the vulva, cervix, vagina, or anus
202
human papillomavirus (HPV)
is the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world
203
dysplasia
abnormal cell growth
204
What does CIS stand for?
Carcinoma in Situ
205
conization
a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix
206
What kind of treatment is required for cervical cancer?
Radical (complete) hysterectomy surgery
207
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
208
Pap test (or pap smear)
a microscopic examination of cells scraped from cervical epithelium
209
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
210
How is acute cervicitis marked?
By cervical erosions or ulcerations, appears as raw, red patches on the cervical mucosa, and leukorrhea
211
Leukorrhea
clear, white, or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge
212
cryocauterization
destroying tissue by freezing
213
carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)
214
dilation or dilatation
widening the cervical canal
215
curettage
scraping the inner lining of the uterus
216
endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
217
infertability
inability to become pregnant
218
lumen
opening
219
large blood filled cysts
endometriomas or chocolate cysts
220
fibroids
benign tumors in the uterus
221
What is another word for fibroids?
Also called leiomyomata or leiomyomas
222
lei/o
smooth
223
my/o
muscle
224
-oma
tumor
225
What are fibroids composed of?
Composed of fibrous tissue and muscle
226
ablation
destruction
227
What does UAE stand for?
Uterine Artery Embolization
228
Uterine artery embolization (UAE)
in which tiny pellets (acting as emboli) are injected into a uterine artery, blocking the blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink
229
ovarian carcinoma (cancer)
Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
230
How many women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the US each year?
About 22,000 women
231
Serous
clear fluid
232
mucinous
thick, pasty fluid
233
What are the two common types of ovarian cancer?
Serous and mucinous cystic adenocarcinomas
234
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
235
What does BRCA1 and BRCA2 stand for?
Breast Cancer 1 and Breast Cancer 2
236
Prophylactic
preventative
237
prophylactic oophorectomy
preventative removal of ovaries (to reduce ovarian cancer risk)
238
mural
wall
239
submucosal
leiomyoma grows under the mucosal (innermost) layer
240
intramural
masses arise within the muscular uterine wall
241
Ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary
242
follicular cysts
cysts that originate in unruptured ovarian follicles or in follicles that have ruptured and immediately sealed (luteal cysts)
243
cystadenocarcinomas
malignant cysts lined with atypical or tumor cells
244
dermoid cysts
contain a variety of cell types, including skin, hair, teeth, and cartilage, and can arise from immature egg cells in the ovary
245
Teratoma or mature teratoma
a dermoid cyst is often a benign cyst with a different name
246
terat/o
monster
247
What does PID stand for?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
248
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis
249
What are the leading causes of PID?
Sexually transmitted diseases
250
What does STDs stand for?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
251
palpation
examining by touch
252
gonorrhea
gonococcal bacteria
253
chlamydial infection
chlamydial bacteria
254
syphilis
spirochete bacteria
255
genital herpes
herpes simple virus - HSV
256
HPV infection and genital warts
human papillomavirus
257
What does an invasive carcinoma of the breast look like?
A dense white fragment of calcium - calcifications are frequently a sign of cancer
258
carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
259
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
260
histo-
tissue
261
What are other types of histopathologic?
Lobular and medullary carcinoma
262
stereotactic core needle biopsy
A minimally invasive procedure that uses imaging to guide a needle to remove tissue from an abnormal area
263
lumpectomy
for small primary tumors, the lump with immediately surrounding tissue can be removed
264
sentinel node biopsy (SNB)
A procedure to determine whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes
265
What does SNB stand for?
Sentinel Node Biopsy
266
mastecotomy
is the removal of the breast
267
Estrogen receptors (ERs)
They indicate that the tumor will respond to hormonal therapy
268
What does ERs stand for?
Estrogen Receptors
269
tamoxifen
A type of drug that directly blocks the ER reception
270
aromatase inhibitors
A type of drug that blocks the production of estrogen by inhibiting the enzyme, aromatase
271
her-2/neu
a receptor protein found in some breast cancers and signals a high risk of tumor recurrence
272
Herceptin
An antibody that binds to and blocks her-2/neu and is effective in stopping growth when used with chemotherapy
273
Triple-negative tumors
They lack estrogen, progesterone, and her-2/neu and are highly aggressive
274
fibrocystic breast disease
numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast
275
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
276
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
277
tubal pregnancy
common place for an ectopic pregnancy is in the fallopian tubes
278
multiple gestations
more than one fetus inside the uterus
279
What are the risks of multiple gestations?
preterm delivery, growth restriction, high blood pressure, and diabetes
280
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus
281
placenta accreta
on the wall but not in the muscle
282
placenta increta
in the uterine muscle
283
placenta percreta
attaching to another organ
284
preeclampsia
abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache
285
Eclampsia
is the final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia. It often causes seizures and even death of mother and baby
286
Apgar score
a system of scoring an infant's physical condition 1 and 5 minutes after birth
287
What are the scoring categories for the Apgar score?
heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli. They can each be ranked 0, 1, or 2 out of 10
288
Down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
289
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) cause by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
290
hyaline membrane disease
acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn (aka RDS)
291
What does RDS stand for?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn
292
surfactant
a protein necessary for proper lung function
293
hyaline
glassy
294
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance (colour), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (response to a catheter in nostril), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (respiratory effort)
295
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
296
fontanelle
The soft spots on infant's heads between the cranial bones that allows for some swelling during the birth of the baby
297
pyloric stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
298
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn
299
meconium
a thick, sticky, greenish to black substance, is actually the first stool of the fetus and newborn
300
Meconium ileus
is an obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn caused by impaction of thick, dry meconium near the ileocecal valve
301
pregnancy test
blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
302
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
303
What does HSG stand for?
Hysterosalpingography
304
Mammography
x-ray imaging of the breast
305
digital tomosynthesis
a new method of mammography - a procedure where an x-ray tube moves in an arc around the breast as several images are taken, 3-d pictures are produced. Makes it easier to find breast cancer in dense tissue and is less painful
306
breast ultrasound imagining and breast MRI
technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
307
pelvic ultrasonography
recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
308
What can pelvic ultrasonography evaluate during the procedure?
fetal size, fetal maturity, and organ development, as well as fetal and placental position
309
transvaginal ultrasound
allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at the organs within the pelvis. The sound probe is placed in the vagina instead of over the pelvis or abdomen
310
aspiration
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
311
cauterization
destruction of tissue by burning
312
What does LEEP stand for?
Look Electrocautery Excision Procedure
313
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
314
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
315
cryosurgery
use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
316
cryocauterization
a liquid nitrogen probe that produces the freezing temperature
317
cry/o
cold
318
culdocentesis
needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
319
What does the presence of blood mean during a culdocentesis?
May indicate a ruptured ectopic pregnancy or ruptured ovarian cyst
320
dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
321
What does D&C stand for?
Dilation (or Dilatation) and Curettage
322
Curet
a metal loop at the end of a long, thin handle
323
Uterine sound
a slender instrument used to measure the depth of the uterus
324
uterine dilators
in graduated sizes are used to gradually dilate the cervix
325
exenteration
removal of internal organs within a cavity
326
pelvic exenteration
is the removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis
327
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)
328
What does MIS stand for?
Minimally Invasive Surgery
329
tubal ligation
blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
330
sterilization procedure
making an individual incapable of reproduction
331
Ligation
tying off and does not pertain solely to the fallopian tubes
332
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
333
What does AB stand for?
Abortion
334
What are the two ways abortions can exist?
Spontaneous or induced
335
Spontaneous abortions
commonly called miscarriages, occur without apparent cause
336
Induced abortions
can be therapeutic or elective
337
therapeutic abortions
are performed when the health of the pregnant woman is endangered
338
elective abortions
are performed at the request of the woman
339
cesarean section
(aka a C-section) surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
340
Reasons to perform a cesarean section
the baby's head is too big for the mother's birth canal (cephalopelvic disproportion), abruptio placentae or placenta previa, fetal distress (fetal hypoxia), and breech or shoulder presentation
341
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
342
What does CVS stand for?
Chorionic Villus Sampling
343
fetal monitoring
continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor
344
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization
345
What does IVF stand for?
In Vitro Fertilization
346
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
the direct injection of sperm into harvested ova (egg)
347
What does ICSI stand for?
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
348
pelvimetry
measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
349
What does LH stand for?
Luteinizing Hormone
350
What does TAH-BSO stand for?
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy
351
What does VH stand for?
Vaginal Hysterectomy
352
What does AFP stand for?
Alpha-Fetoprotein
353
Alpha-fetoprotein
high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant
354
What does BSE stand for?
Breast Self-Examination
355
CA-125
A protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0-35 U/mL)
356
What does CS or C-section stand for?
Cesarean section
357
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia
358
What does Cx stand for?
Cervix
359
What does DCIS stand for?
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
360
Ductal carcinoma in situ
a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
361
What does DUB stand for?
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
362
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
a condition caused by a lack of protein in the lining of the neonate's lung tissue
363
Which disease occurs most often in menopausal women?
Endometrial carcinoma
364
What are benign tumors in the uterus called?
Leiomyomas
365
What is the term of a malignant tumor of the ovary?
Cystadenocarcinoma
366
Robotic hysterectomy
a procedure where the surgeon uses a microscopic three dimension view and a control console to remove the uterus using small incisions
367
Colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying instrument resembling mounted binoculars
368
Different types of birth control
tubal ligation and IUD
369
Which procedure tests placental tissue for prenatal diagnosis?
chorionic villus sampling
370
What is the procedure in which the surgeon removes as much of the ovarian adenocarcinoma as possible?
debulking
371
