Module 17: Sense Organs (Eyes and Ears) Flashcards
(226 cards)
1
Q
accommodation
A
normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates
2
Q
anterior chamber
A
area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris; it contains the aqueous humor
3
Q
aqueous humor
A
fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber; a humor is any body fluid, including blood and lymph
4
Q
biconvex
A
consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere; the lens of the eye is a biconvex body
5
Q
choroid
A
middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
6
Q
ciliary body
A
structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris; it contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens and it secretes aqueous humor
7
Q
cone
A
photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; cones are responsible for color and central vision
8
Q
conjunctiva
A
delicate membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball
9
Q
cornea
A
fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball; meaning horny, perhaps because it protrudes outward, it was thought to resemble a horn
10
Q
fovea centralis
A
tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
11
Q
fundus of the eye
A
posterior, inner part of the eye
12
Q
iris
A
pigmented (colour) layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye; the central opening of the iris is the pupil
13
Q
lens
A
transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye; it bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina
14
Q
macula
A
ywllowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
15
Q
optic chiasm
A
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
16
Q
optic disc
A
region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina; it is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones and is thus insensitive to light
17
Q
optic nerve
A
cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)
18
Q
pupil
A
central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass; it appears dark
19
Q
refraction
A
bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
20
Q
refract
A
means to break back
21
Q
-fract
A
break
22
Q
re-
A
back
23
Q
retina
A
light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
24
Q
rod
A
photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
25
sclera
tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
26
thalamus
relay center of the brain; optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex
27
vitreous humor
soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
28
aque/o
water
29
blephar/o
eyelid
30
blepharoptosis
sagging or prolapse of the eyelid
31
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
32
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
33
what is the common name for conjunctivitis?
pinkeye
34
cor/o
pupil
35
anisocoria
inequality in the size of pupils
36
corne/o
cornea
37
corneal abrasion
rubbing off of the outer part of the cornea
38
cycl/o
ciliary body or muscle of the eye
39
cycloplegic
pertaining to paralysis of the ciliary muscles
40
dacry/o
tears, tear duct
41
dacryoadenitis
inflammation of the tear glands
42
ir/o or irid/o
iris (coloured portion of the eye around the pupil)
43
iritis
inflammation of the iris
44
iridic
pertaining to the iris
45
iridectomy
a portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body
46
kerat/o
cornea
47
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
48
lacrim/o
tears
49
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
50
ocul/o
eye
51
intraocular
pertaining to within the eye
52
ophthalm/o
eye
53
opt/o or optic/o
eye, vision
54
palpebr/o
eyelid
55
papill/o
optic disc; nippple-like
56
phac/o or phak/o
lens of the eye
57
pupill/o
pupil
58
retin/o
retina
59
scler/o
sclera (white of the eye); hard
60
uve/o
uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
61
vitre/o
glassy
62
ambly/o
dull, dim
63
dipl/o
double
64
glauc/o
gray
65
mi/o
smaller, less
66
mydr/o
widen, enlarge
67
nyct/o
night
68
phot/o
light
69
presby/o
old age
70
scot/o
darkness
71
xer/o
dry
72
-opia
vision
73
-opsia
vision
74
-tropia
to turn
75
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye; irregular cornea
76
hyperopia (hypermetropia)
farsightedness; improper focus behind the retina
77
myopia
nearsightedness; improper focus in front of the retina
78
presbyopia
impairment of vision as a result of old age
79
exotropia
one eye turns outward; wall-eyed
80
eso-
inward
81
cataract
clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
82
chalazion
small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid
83
diabetic retinopathy
retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (ne blood vessels form in the retina)
84
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
85
tonometry
used to diagnose glaucoma with an instrument applied externally to the eye after administration of local anesthetic
86
acute glaucoma
is marked by extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of the eye, and dilation of the pupil; if untreated, can cause blindness
87
trabeculoplasty
laser therapy for chronic open-angle glaucoma causes scarring in the drainage angle. which improves aqueous humor outflow and reduces intraocular pressure
88
blepharitis
inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
89
chalazion
granuloma formed around an inflamed sebaceous gland
90
dacryocystitis
blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, causing redness and swelling in the region between the nose and the lower lid
91
ectropion
outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration
92
entropion
inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye; corneal abrasion may result
93
hordeolum (stye)
infection of a sebaceous gland producing a small, superficial white nodule along lid margin
94
ptosis
drooping of upper lid margin as a result of neuromuscular problems or trauma
95
xanthelasma
raised yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by lipid disorder
96
xanth/o
yellow
97
-elasma
plate
98
hordeolum (stye or sty)
localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid
99
macular degeneration
progressive damage to the macula of the retina
100
drusen
extracellular debris
101
nystagmus
repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
102
retinal detachment
two layers of the retina separate from each other
103
photopsia
bright flashes of light
104
floaters
black spots or filmy shapes
105
photocoagulation
making pinpoint burns to form scar tissue and seal holes
106
cryotherapy
creating a "freezer burn" that forms a scar and knits a tear together
107
scleral buckle
made of silicone is sutured to the sclera directly over the detached portion of the retina to push the two retinal layers together
108
pneumatic retinopexy
a procedure where a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of retinal tear until the retina is reattached
109
strabismus
abnormal deviation of the eye
110
esotropia
one eye turns inward; cross-eyed
111
hypertropia
upward deviation of one eye
112
hypotropia
downward deviation of one eye
113
amblyopia
partial loss of vision or lazy eye
114
diplopia
double vision
115
fluorescein angiography
intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils
116
ophthalmoscopy
visual examination of the interior of the eye
117
slit lamp microscopy
examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification
118
ton/o
pressure
119
visual acuity test
clarity of vision is assessed
120
Snellen chart
a patient reads at 20 feet (distance vision test)
121
visual field test
measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head
122
direct ophthalmoscopy
examines the fundus and interior of the eye
123
slit lamp microscopy
visualizes the anterior part of the eye
124
enucleation
removal of the entire eyeball
125
keratoplasty
surgical repair of the cornea
126
corneal transplant
a procedure where the ophthalmic surgeon removes the patient's surgeon removes the patient's scarred or opaque cornea and replaces it with a donor cornea which is sutured into place
127
laser photocoagulation
intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals tears and leaky retinal blood vessels
128
LASIK
use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism)
129
phacoemulsification
ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
130
scleral buckle
suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina
131
AMD
Age-related Macular Degeneration
132
HEENT
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
133
IOL
Intraocular Lens
134
IOP
Intraocular Pressure
135
LASIK
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
136
OD
right eye (Latin, Oculus Dexter); doctor of optometry (optometrist)
137
OS
left eye (Latin, Oculus Sinister)
138
OU
both eyes (Latin, Oculus Uterque, "each eye")
139
PERRLA
Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation
140
POAG
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
141
PRK
Photorefractive Keratectomy; a laser beam flattens the cornea to correct myopia
142
VA
Visual Acuity
143
VF
Visual Field
144
Order from outside of ear to brain
Outer Ear
1. pinna
2. external auditory canal
3. tympanic membrane
Middle Ear
4. malleus
5. incus
6. stapes
7. oval window
Inner Ear
8. cochlea
9. auditory liquids and receptors in the organ of Corti
10. auditory nerve fibers
Brain
11. cerebral cortex
145
auditory canal
channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum
146
auditory meatus
auditory canal
147
auditory nerve fibers
carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex); these fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
148
auditory tube
channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; eustachian tube
149
auricle
flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear; or pinna
150
cerumen
waxy substances secreted by the external ear; also called earwax
151
cochlea
snail shell-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells
152
endolymph
fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
153
eustachian tube
auditory tube
154
incus
second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; incus means anvil
155
labyrinth
maze-like series of canals of the inner ear; this includes the cochlea, vestibules, and semicircular canals
156
malleus
first ossicle of the middle ear; malleus means hammer
157
organ of Corti
sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
158
ossicle
small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes
159
oval window
membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear
160
perilymph
fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear
161
pinna
auricle; flap of the ear
162
semicircular canals
passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
163
stapes
third ossicle of the middle ear; means stirrup
164
tympanic membrane
membrane between the outer and the middle ear; also called the eardrum
165
vestibule
central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea; they contain two structures, the saccule an utricle that help to maintain equilibrium
166
acous/o
hearing
167
audi/o
hearing; the sense of hearing
168
audit/o
hearing
169
aur/o or auricil/o
ear
170
cochle/o
cochlea
171
mastoid/o
mastoid process
172
myring/o
eardrum, tympanic membrance
173
ossicul/o
ossicle
174
ot/o
ear
175
salping/o
eustachian tube, auditory tube
176
audiogram vs. audiometry
the record (chart) produced when an individual's hearing is tested by an specific instrument
177
staped/o
stapes (third bone of the middle ear)
178
tympan/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane
179
vestibul/o
vestibule
180
-acusis or -cusis
hearing
181
-meter
instrument to measure
182
-otia
ear condition
183
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) in the brain
184
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
185
vertigo
dizziness
186
radiosurgery
using powerful and precise x-ray beams rather than a surgical incision
187
cholesteatoma
collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear
188
deafness
loss of the ability to hear
189
nerve deafness (sensorineural hearing loss)
results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve
190
conductive deafness
results from impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes transmitting sound waves into the cochlea
191
Meniere disease
disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)
192
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
193
suppurative otitis media
bas bacteria invade the middle ear, pus formation occurs
194
serous otitis media
is a noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid
195
otosclerosis
hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
196
fenestrated
opened
197
tinnitus
sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears
198
vertigo
sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects
199
audiometry
testing the sense of hearing
200
audiometer
is an electrical device that delivers acoustic stimuli of specific frequencies to determine a patient's hearing loss for each frequency; the result is an audiogram
201
cochlear implant procedure
surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech
202
ear thermometry
measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum
203
otoscopy
visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope
204
tuning fork test
test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)
205
Rinne test
the examiner places the base of the vibrating fork against the patient's mastoid bone and in front of the auditory meatus
206
Wber test
the tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead
207
AD
right ear (Latin, Auris Dextra)
208
AOM
Acute Otitis Media
209
AS
left ear (Latin, Auris Sinistra)
210
EENT
Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
211
ENG
Electronystagmography; a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing eye movements
212
nystagmus
is rapidly twitching eye movements
213
ENT
Ears, Nose, and Throat
214
ETD
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
215
HEENT
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
216
PE tube
Pressure-Equalizing tube; a polyethylene ventilating tube placed in the eardrum (to trat recurrent episodes of acute otitis media)
217
SOM
Serous Otitis Media
218
List the order from the eye to the brain
Eye
1. cornea
2. anterior chamber and aqueous humor
3. pupil
4. lens
5. vitreous chamber and vitreous humor
6. retina (rods and cones)
Brain
7. optic nerve fibers
8. optic chiasm
9. thalamus (relay center)
10. cerebral cortex (occipital lobe)
219
binocular vision
the ability to see one image using both eyes
220
amblyopia
a condition where there is partial loss of vision
221
xanthelasma
a raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid caused by a lipid disorder
222
a glaucoma treatment that improves drainage of aqueous humor and contracts the pupil of the eye is called what?
miotic
223
what does a visual field test measure?
your peripheral vision
224
phacoemulisication
a common surgery for cataract removal that uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up the lens
225
a patient with BPPV has episodes of what?
dizziness
226
a type of hearing loss results from the impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes that transmit sound waves into the cochlea
conductive
