Module 2 - Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias - IDA

Question 1

What is the most common type of anemia worldwide, occurring in developing and developed countries

Answer 1

IDA

Question 2

Who are at risk for hypoferremia and IDA?

Answer 2

High risk population includes individuals living in poverty, women of childbearing age, and children.

Question 3

Give an example of adverse health-related manifestations of IDA in children.

Answer 3

Cognitive Impairment

Question 4

An increased prevalence of iron deficiency has been seen in what population?

Answer 4

Overweight children

Question 5

IDA occurs in what type of poisoning?

Answer 5

Lead Poisoning

Question 6

Children in developing countries may have this condition that can results in IDA

Answer 6

Chronic Parasite Infection that can results in blood and iron loss greater than dietary intake.

Question 7

In Canada, _______ have a higher incidence than _____________ for both hypoferremia and IDA.

Answer 7

Famales have higher incidence than males

Question 8

When does IDA or hypoferremia peak and decrease in females?

Answer 8

A peak incidence occurs in the reproductive years and decreases at menopause.

Question 9

When do males have higher incidence of IDA or hypoferremia?

Answer 9

During childhood

Question 10

What are the etiologies involve with IDA/

Answer 10

• Inadequate dietary intake of iron
• chronic blood loss

Question 11

Is there an intrinsic dysfunction in iron metabolism related to the 2 etiologies?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What are the common causes of IDA in developed countries?

Answer 12

Pregnancy and continuous loss of blood

Question 13

How much blood loss is enough to cause IDA?

Answer 13

2 to 4 ml/day.

Question 14

Males might experience bleeding from what type of disorders?

Answer 14

Ulcers, hiatal hernia, esophageal varices, cirrhosis, hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis or cancer.

Question 15

What is the primary cause of IDA in females

Answer 15

Menorrhagia

Question 15

What are other causes of blood loss for both male or females?

Answer 15

(1) use of medications that cause GI bleeding (such as Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]); (2) surgical procedures that decrease stomach acidity, intestinal transit time, and absorption (e.g., gastric bypass); (3) insufficient dietary intake of iron; and (4) eating disorders such as pica (the craving and eating of non-nutritional substances, such as dirt, chalk, and paper). H. pylori infections also have been found to cause IDA of unknown origin.

Question 16

What is an important feature of iron?

Answer 16

It can be recycled.

Question 17

How does iron contribute to immune function?

Answer 17

By regulating immune effector mechanisms

Question 18

Explain the 3 overlapping stages of IDA development?

Answer 18

1. the body’s iron stores for red blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis are depleted. Red blood cell production proceeds normally with the hemoglobin content of red blood cells also staying normal.
2. In stage II, insufficient amounts of iron are transported to the marrow, and iron-deficient red blood cell production begins.
3. Stage III begins when the hemoglobin-deficient red blood cells enter the circulation to replace normal, aged erythrocytes that have been destroyed. The manifestations of IDA appear in stage III when there is an insufficient iron supply and diminished hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 19

When does clinical manifestations of IDA begin to appear?

Answer 19

Stage 3

Question 20

What are the early symptoms of IDA?

Answer 20

Fatigue, weakness, SOB, pale earlobes, palms and conjunctivae

Question 21

What changes happens when condition progresses and becomes more severe?

Answer 21

• Structural and functional changes occur in epithelial tissue. Fingernails become brittle and spoon shaped or concave
• Tongue papillae atrophy can cause soreness along with redness and burning
• The corners of the mouth become dry and sore (angular stomatitis)
• Difficulty swallowing due to the web that develops from mucus and inflammatory cells at the opening of the esophagus (can become cancerous)